设为首页
加入收藏
Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Thunderstorms and Strong Winds with Characteristics of Lightning and Convective Activities in the South China Sea
-
摘要: 利用2019—2020年风云四号气象卫星A星（FY-4A）多通道扫描成像辐射计（AGRI）提供的云顶数据和地基全球闪电定位网（WWLLN）提供的闪电数据，结合MICAPS气象观测站和海洋浮标记录的极大风数据，研究南海区域（5°~30°N，105°~125°E）71次雷暴大风过程的时空分布及其闪电和对流活动特征。结果表明：观测站记录的雷暴大风主要分布在南海北部；雷暴大风主要发生在5—9月，峰值出现在8月，3月发生次数最少；雷暴大风主要发生在07：00—12：00（北京时，下同），10：00频次最高，午后频次减少。雷暴大风闪电密度的极大值分布在广东南部近海区域，且闪电集中发生在距离观测站40~80 km半径范围内；孤立雷暴大风过程首次闪电跃变的发生时刻相对大风峰值时刻超前30 min至2 min。在对流特征方面，在雷暴大风风速峰值时刻，观测站处的云顶亮温为200~220 K，云顶高度为12.5~15 km。孤立雷暴大风云团云顶亮温最低值（即最强对流发生位置）与大风观测站点的距离平均为77.2 km，云顶亮温平均相差2.6 K。Abstract: Using the cloud top data provided by Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) multi-channel scanning imaging radiometer (AGRI) and lightning observations provided by the ground-based global lightning positioning network (WWLLN) during 2019-2020, combined with the meteorological and oceanographic data from MICAPS and extreme wind data recorded by buoys, the spatial-temporal distribution and convective activity characteristics of 71 thunderstorm and strong wind processes in the South China Sea are studied. Results show that the thunderstorms and strong winds recorded by the observatory are mainly distributed in the northern part of the South China Sea. Thunderstorms and strong winds mainly occur from May to September, with the peak in August and valley in March. Thunderstorms and strong winds mainly occur in the morning (0700-1200 BT), with the highest frequency at 1000 BT, a sharp decrease in the frequency in the afternoon, and the lowest frequency between 2100 BT and 2300 BT. The maximum value area of lightning density is distributed in the offshore area of southern Guangdong, and the lightning concentration occurs in the radius of 40 km to 80 km of the observation station. There is an obvious lightning jump in the isolated thunderstorms and strong winds process, and the occurrence time of the first jump is 30 min to 2 min ahead of the peak time of the wind, showing that the lightning activity is indicative of the peak of thunderstorms and strong winds. In terms of convection characteristics, at the peak moment of thunderstorms and wind speed, the cloud top brightness temperature at the location of the observation station is concentrated at 200-220 K, and the cloud top height is concentrated at 12.5 km to 15 km. The distance between the lowest brightness temperature value of isolated thunderstorms and strong winds cloud cluster (i.e., the location of the strongest convection) and the strong winds observation site (i.e., the location of the thunderstorms and strong winds) is 77.2 km on average, and the average difference of brightness temperature value is 2.6 K.
-
Key words:
- lightning;
- thunderstorms and strong winds;
- convection;
- the South China Sea
-
图 1 研究区域及大风观测站分布
(黑色三角形表示28个海上观测站位置)
Fig. 1 Study area and observation stations of strong winds (black triangles denote locations of 28 marine observation stations)
(black triangles denote locations of 28 marine observation stations)
图 2 2019—2020年南海区域雷暴大风频次年变化
Fig. 2 Annual frequency variation of thunderstorms and strong winds in the South China Sea from 2019 to 2020
图 3 2019—2020年南海区域雷暴大风频次日变化
Fig. 3 Diurnal frequency variation of thunderstorms and strong winds in the South China Sea from 2019 to 2020
图 4 2019—2020年南海区域雷暴大风年平均频次空间分布
Fig. 4 Spatial distribution of annual frequency of thunderstorms and strong winds in the South China Sea from 2019 to 2020
图 5 2019—2020年雷暴大风过程闪电密度空间分布
Fig. 5 Spatial distribution of lightning density of thunderstorms and strong winds from 2019 to 2020
图 6 闪电发生位置与观测站间距离
Fig. 6 Distance between lightning location and the observation station
-
[1] 华雯丽, 杨晓霞, 田雪珊, 等. 山东省雷暴大风天气学分型与物理诊断量统计特征. 暴雨灾害, 2021, 40(4): 362-373. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9045.2021.04.004Hua W L, Yang X X, Tian X S, et al. Synoptic classification and statistical characteristics of physical diagnoses for thunderstorm gale in Shandong Province. Torrential Rain Disaster, 2021, 40(4): 362-373. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9045.2021.04.004 [2] 郑永光, 周康辉, 盛杰, 等. 强对流天气监测预报预警技术进展. 应用气象学报, 2015, 26(6): 641-657. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20150601Zheng Y G, Zhou K H, Sheng J, et al. Advances in techniques of monitoring, forecasting and warning of severe convective weather. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2015, 26(6): 641-657. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20150601 [3] 刘娜, 熊安元, 张强, 等. 强对流天气人工智能应用训练基础数据集构建. 应用气象学报, 2021, 32(5): 530-541. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210502Liu N, Xiong A Y, Zhang Q, et al. Development of basic dataset of severe convective weather for artificial intelligence training. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(5): 530-541. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210502 [4] 王秀明, 周小刚, 俞小鼎. 雷暴大风环境特征及其对风暴结构影响的对比研究. 气象学报, 2013, 71(5): 839-852. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXXB201305004.htmWang X M, Zhou X G, Yu X D. Comparative study of environmental characteristics of a windstorm and their impacts on storm structures. Acta Meteor Sinica, 2013, 71(5): 839-852. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXXB201305004.htm [5] 徐玥, 邵美荣, 唐凯, 等. 2021年黑龙江两次超级单体龙卷过程多尺度特征. 应用气象学报, 2022, 33(3): 305-318. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20220305Xu Y, Shao M R, Tang K, et al. Multiscale characteristics of two supercell tornados of Heilongjiang in 2021. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2022, 33(3): 305-318. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20220305 [6] 王黉, 李英, 文永仁. 川藏高原一次混合型强对流天气的观测特征. 应用气象学报, 2021, 32(5): 567-579. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210505Wang H, Li Y, Wen Y R. Observational characteristics of a hybrid severe convective event in the Sichuan-Tibet Region. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(5): 567-579. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210505 [7] 樊李苗, 俞小鼎. 中国短时强对流天气的若干环境参数特征分析. 高原气象, 2013, 32(1): 156-165. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GYQX201301017.htmFan L M, Yu X D. Characteristic analyses on environmental parameters in short-term severe convective weather in China. Plateau Meteor, 2013, 32(1): 156-165. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GYQX201301017.htm [8] 俞小鼎. 基于构成要素的预报方法——配料法. 气象, 2011, 37(8): 913-918. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXXX201108002.htmYu X D. Ingredients based forecasting methodology. Meteor Mon, 2011, 37(8): 913-918. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXXX201108002.htm [9] 费海燕, 王秀明, 周小刚, 等. 中国强雷暴大风的气候特征和环境参数分析. 气象, 2016, 42(12): 1513-1521. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXXX201612010.htmFei H Y, Wang X M, Zhou X G, et al. Climatic characteristics and environmental parameters of severe thunderstorm gales in China. Meteor Mon, 2016, 42(12): 1513-1521. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXXX201612010.htm [10] 马瑞阳, 郑栋, 姚雯, 等. 雷暴云特征数据集及我国雷暴活动特征. 应用气象学报, 2021, 32(3): 358-369. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210308Ma R Y, Zhen D, Yao W, et al. Thunderstorm feature dataset and characteristics of thunderstorm activities in China. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(3): 358-369. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210308 [11] Lucas C, Orville R E. TOGA COARE: Oceanic lightning. Mon Wea Rev, 1996, 124(9): 2077-2082. [12] Christian H J, Blakeslee R J, Boccippio D J, et al. Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the optical transient detector. J Geophys Res, 2003, 108(D1): ACL 4-1-ACL 4-15. [13] Hutchins M L, Holzworth R H, Virts K S, et al. Radiated VLF energy differences of land and oceanic lightning. Geophys Res Lett, 2013, 40(10): 2390-2394. [14] Said R K, Cohen M B, Inan U S. Highly intense lightning over the oceans: Estimated peak currents from global GLD360 observations. J Geophys Res, 2013, 118(13): 6905-6915. [15] Zheng D, Zhang Y J, Meng Q, et al. Climatological comparison of small- and large-current cloud-to-ground lightning flashes over Southern China. J Climate, 2016, 29(8): 2831-2848. [16] 张义军, 周秀骥. 雷电研究的回顾和进展. 应用气象学报, 2006, 17(6): 829-834. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/200606130Zhang Y J, Zhou X J. Review and progress of lightning research. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2006, 17(6): 829-834. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/200606130 [17] 王艳, 张义军, 马明. 卫星观测的我国近海海域闪电分布特征. 应用气象学报, 2010, 21(2): 157-163. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/20100204Wang Y, Zhang Y J, Ma M. Lightning activities in China offing sea area observed by satellite-based lightning imaging sensor. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2010, 21(2): 157-163. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/20100204 [18] Rudlosky S D, Fuelberg H E. Documenting storm severity in the mid-Atlantic region using lightning and radar information. Mon Wea Rev, 2013, 141(9): 3186-3202. [19] Peterson M, Deierling W, Liu C, et al. The properties of optical lightning flashes and the clouds they illuminate. J Geophys Res, 2017, 122(1): 423-442. [20] Metzger E, Nuss W A. The relationship between total cloud lightning behavior and radar-derived thunderstorm structure. Wea Forecasting, 2013, 28(1): 237-253. [21] Bedka K, Brunner J, Dworak R, et al. Objective satellite-based detection of overshooting tops using infrared window channel brightness temperature gradients. J Climate Appl Meteor, 2010, 49(2): 181-202. [22] Williams E R. Thunderstorm Electrification: Precipitation Versus Convection. M Inst Technol, 1981. [23] Permyakov M, Kleshcheva T, Potalova E, et al. Characteristics of typhoon eyewalls according to world wide lightning location network data. J Geophys Res, 2019, 147: 4027-4043. [24] 张晓芸, 魏鸣, 潘佳文. FY-4闪电资料在厦门强降水监测预警中的应用. 遥感技术与应用, 2019, 34(5): 1082-1090. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YGJS201905019.htmZhang X Y, Wei M, Pan J W. Application of FY-4 lightning data in monitoring and warning a heavy precipitation in Xiamen. Remote Sens Technol Appl, 2019, 34(5): 1082-1090. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YGJS201905019.htm [25] 郭玉娣, 刘彬贤, 梁冬坡. 变分方法在渤海海域ASCAT风场订正中的应用. 应用气象学报, 2019, 30(3): 376-384. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20190310Guo Y D, Liu B X, Liang D P. Application of variational method to correction of ASCAT wind field in the Bohai Sea. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2019, 30(3): 376-384. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20190310 [26] Justus C G, Mikhail A. Height variation of wind speed and wind distributions statistics. Geophys Res Lett, 1976, 3(5): 261-264. [27] 王志春, 宋丽莉, 何秋生, 等. 风速随高度变化的曲线模型分析. 热带气象学报, 2007, 23(6): 690-692. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RDQX200706025.htmWang Z C, Song L L, He Q S, et al. Model analysis of curve fitting of wind speed and its height. J Trop Meteor, 2007, 23(6): 690-692. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RDQX200706025.htm [28] 秦鹏, 黄浩辉, 植石群. 东莞风能资源的评估及开发利用. 广东气象, 2011, 33(6): 47-50. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GDCX201106016.htmQin P, Huang H H, Zhi S Q. Evaluation and development and utilization of wind energy resources in Guangdong. Guangdong Meteor, 2011, 33(6): 47-50. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GDCX201106016.htm [29] 植石群, 钱光明, 罗金铃. 广东省沿海风随高度变化研究. 热带地理, 2001, 21(2): 131-134. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RDDD200102007.htmZhi S Q, Qian G M, Luo J L. A study of wind velocity varying with altitude on the coastal areas of Guangdong Province. Tropical Geophys, 2001, 21(2): 131-134. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RDDD200102007.htm [30] 蔡晓杰, 戴建华, 朱智慧, 等. 上海沿岸海域风场质量控制与预报检验. 气象科技, 2019, 47(2): 214-221. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXKJ201902004.htmCai X J, Dai J H, Zhu Z H, et al. Quality control and forecast verification of wind field in coastal waters of Shanghai. Meteor Sci Technol, 2019, 47(2): 214-221. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXKJ201902004.htm [31] 马淑萍, 王秀明, 俞小鼎. 极端雷暴大风的环境参量特征. 应用气象学报, 2019, 30(3): 292-301. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20190304Ma S P, Wang X M, Yu X D. Environmental parameter characteristics of severe wind with extreme thunderstorm. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2019, 30(3): 292-301. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20190304 [32] Thompson K B, Bateman M G, Mecikalski J R. Signatures of oceanic wind events in geostationary cloud top temperature and lightning data. Wea Forecasting, 2021, 36(2): 407-423. [33] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 海上大风预警等级. GB/T 27958-2011.2011.General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China. Grade of Marine Wind Warning. GB/T 27958-2011.2011. [34] 王慧, 隋伟辉. 基于CCMP风场的中国近海18个海区海面大风季节变化特征分析. 气象科技, 2013, 41(4): 720-725. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXKJ201304021.htmWang H, Sui W H. Seasonal variation analysis of sea surface winds in China sea areas with CCMP wind field data. Meteor Sci Technol, 2013, 41(4): 720-725. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXKJ201304021.htm [35] Schultz C J, Carey L D, Schultz E V, et al. Kinematic and microphysical significance of lightning jumps versus nonjump increases in total flash rate. Wea Forecasting, 2017, 32(1): 275-288. [36] 田野, 姚雯, 尹佳莉, 等. 不同闪电跃增算法在北京地区应用效果对比. 应用气象学报, 2021, 32(2): 217-232. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210207Tian Y, Yao W, Yin J L, et al. Comparison of the performance of different lightning jump algorithms in Beijing. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(2): 217-232. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210207 [37] 方翀, 郑永光, 林隐静, 等. 导致区域性雷暴大风天气的云型分类及统计特征分析. 气象, 2014, 40(8): 905-915. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXXX201408001.htmFang C, Zheng Y G, Lin Y J, et al. Classification and characteristics of cloud patterns triggering regional thunderstorm high winds. Meteor Mon, 2014, 40(8): 905-915. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXXX201408001.htm -
下载:
点击查看大图
图(9)
计量
- 摘要浏览量: 399
- HTML全文浏览量: 58
- PDF下载量: 80
- 被引次数: 0
