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The Extreme Hot Event Along the Yangtze Basins in August 2022
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摘要: 2022年夏季长江流域经历了罕见的高温酷暑天气。2022年8月高温区几乎覆盖整个长江流域，形成全流域型高温，并持续近1个月。持续高温与西北太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）的异常活动关系密切。8月副高西伸且稳定，其西端脊点到达90°E，比常年偏西近40个经度，控制了几乎整个长江流域，引起罕见的持续高温。导致副高稳定西伸的重要原因如下：热带环流的异常从南面支持副高的维持；8月西太平洋至南海地区赤道辐合带持续偏强，对流明显偏强；南海地区出现明显增强的Hadley环流，支持115°E以西副高的维持。此外，西风带环流的异常分布有利于副高西伸；欧亚地区500 hPa位势高度场上维持两脊一槽的形势，鄂霍次克海高压脊几乎与副高打通，形成稳定的高压坝；乌拉尔地区的高压脊不断向东南方向输送Rossby波能量，也对副高西段的维持和加强起重要作用。Abstract: Great part of China experiences hot spells in summer of 2022. In August, an extensive and intensive heat wave occurred along the Yangtze Basins, which persists nearly a month, causing serious damage and the worst summer drought, which is the second only to 2011. The persistent hot spell tends to be closely related with the anomalous activity of the Western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH). To better understand the causes, observations and reanalysis data are used to study the mechanism of anomalous activities of WPSH, the influence of tropical circulation, and the westerly long-wave trough ridge on WPSH.During summer of 2022, anomalous activity is observed in both the continental subtropical high and WPSH. In mid-late July, WPSH shifted to the west, and the continental subtropical high over the Iranian Plateau expanded to the east, resulting in the formation of a high-pressure belt and heat wave in the middle and the lower reaches of the Yangtze. In August, the continental subtropical weakens, and WPSH extended westward to 90°E, 40 longitudinal degrees to the west of its climatic position, which plays an important role in the persistent heat wave.The steady westward march of WPSH is discussed based on the investigation of both the anomalies of tropical circulation and systems in the westerlies. In August, the intertropical convergence zone over the region from the Western Pacific to South China Sea is intensified, associated with vigorous convection, and three typhoons or tropical cyclones. The remarkable local Hadley circulation appeared over the South China Sea, which supported the maintenance of WPSH to the west of 115°E.The flow pattern in the westerly zone also shows some particular features. From mean geopotential height field at 500 hPa for the hot spell, a pattern of "two ridges with a trough in between" maintains over the Eurasian region. The Okhotsk ridge in the east almost merges with WPSH into a stable high pressure dam. The Rossby wave activity indicates the ridge over the Ural area in the west consistently conveying energy southeastward, which also plays an important role in the strengthening and maintenance of the subtropical high.
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Key words:
- hot spell;
- the subtropical high;
- tropical convection;
- the westerly system
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图 1 2022年夏季中国日平均气温标准化距平和降水距平百分率
(黑色方框从左至右分别表示川渝地区、长江中游和下游地区的范围)
Fig. 1 Spatial distribution of normalized daily mean temperature anomalies and precipitation anomaly percentage in China in summer of 2022
(black boxes from left to right denote the Sichuan-Chongqing Area, the middle and the lower reaches of the Yangtze, respectively)
图 2 2022年6月1日—8月31日长江流域、川渝地区、长江中游和长江下游地区日最高气温不低于35℃和40℃的站数占区域内总站数百分比(阴影表示高温时段)
Fig. 2 Percentage of stations with daily maximum temperature equal to or greater than 35℃ and 40℃ in total stations in the Yangtze Basins, Sichuan-Chongqing Area, the lower and the middle reaches of the Yangtze from 1 Jun to 31 Aug in 2022 (the shaded denotes hot spell)
图 3 2022年7月9—31日和8月1—25日平均500 hPa高度场(实线，单位：gpm) 及其距平(阴影) (粗实线为2022年5880 gpm线，粗虚线为同期气候平均5880 gpm线)
Fig. 3 Mean geopotential height (the solid line,unit:gpm) and anomalies (the shaded) at 500 hPa from 9 Jul to 31 Jul and from 1 Aug to 25 Aug in 2022 (thick solid and dashed lines denote 5880 gpm isoline in 2022 and its climatology during the same period, respectively)
图 4 2022年7月1日—8月31日25°~35°N平均5880 gpm线的时间-经度剖面(实线)
(虚线为同期气候平均，阴影表示位势高度大于5880 gpm，点线表示副高西伸)
Fig. 4 Time-longitude section of 5880 gpm isolines averaged along 25°-35°N from 1 Jul to 31 Aug in 2022 (solid lines)
(dashed lines denote climatology, the shaded denotes geopotential height greater than 5880 gpm, dotted lines denote westward extension of the subtropical high over the Western Pacific)
图 5 2022年8月1—25日平均的OLR异常(实线为200 W·m-2等值线，虚线为气候平均200 W·m-2;黑色方框表示南海对流关键区) (a)，2022年7月30日—8月31日南海对流关键区的OLR (实线) 及同期气候平均(虚线) 逐日变化(竖实线表示高温时段，竖点线为副高西伸) (b)
Fig. 5 OLR anomalies from 1 Aug to 25 Aug in 2022 (solid and dashed lines denote 200 W·m-2 in 2022 and the climatology;the black box denotes the key region of the convection over the South China Sea) (a),time series of the mean OLR in the key region of the South China Sea from 25 Jul to 31 Aug in 2022 (the solid line) and its climatology (the dashed line)(vertical solid lines denote the hot spell, dotted lines denote westward extension of the subtropical high over the Western Pacific) (b)
图 6 2022年7月30日—8月31日108°~130°E平均850 hPa经向风异常的时间-纬度剖面(单位：m·s-1)
(粗线为零线, 黑色竖线表示8月1—25日高温时段)
Fig. 6 Time-latitude section of meridional wind anomalies at 850 hPa along 108°-130°E from 30 Jul to 31 Aug in 2022 (unit:m·s-1)
(the thick line denotes the zero line, the vertical line denotes the hot spell during 1-25 Aug 2022)
图 7 2022年7月30日—8月31日7.5°~21°N平均的850 hPa和200 hPa散度异常的时间-经度剖面
(黑线为零线，横线表示8月1—25日高温时段)
Fig. 7 Time-longitude section of divergence anomalies at 850 hPa and 200 hPa along 7.5°－21°N from 30 Jul to 31 Aug in 2022
(the black line denotes the zero line,the horizontal line denotes the hot spell during 1-25 Aug 2022)
图 8 2022年8月1—25日平均垂直环流距平(单位：经向风为m·s-1，垂直速度为102 Pa·s-1;灰色阴影表示垂直速度异常，黑色阴影为地形) (a)108°~130°E，(b)110°E
Fig. 8 Vertical profile of mean anomalous meridional circulation along 108°-130°E(a) and 110°E(b) during 1-25 Aug 2022 (unit:m·s-1 for meridional wind, 102 Pa·s-1 for vertical velocity; the gray shaded denotes the anomalous vertical velocity, the black shaded denotes the topography)
图 9 2022年7月30日—8月31日40°~60°N平均的500 hPa位势高度异常的时间-经度剖面
(横线表示8月1日—25日高温时段)
Fig. 9 Time-longitude section of 500 hPa geopotential height along 40°-60°N from 30 Jul to 31 Aug in 2022
(horizontal lines for the hot spell during 1-25 Aug 2022)
图 10 2022年8月1—25日(a)和8月21—25日(b)平均的300 hPa准地转流函数距平(阴影) 和波作用通量(矢量，单位：m2·s-2, 小于2 m2·s-2的未显示)
Fig. 10 300 hPa quasi-geostrophic stream function anomalies (the shaded) and wave activity flux (the vector, unit:m2·s-2) during 1-25(a) and 21-25(b) in Aug 2022 (vectors less than 2 m2·s-2 are not shown)
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