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Effects of Different Aerosols on Cloud-to-ground Lightning Activity in the Yangtze River Delta
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摘要: 利用2015—2021年4—9月中国气象局全国地闪定位网的地闪观测资料与MERRA2气溶胶光学厚度再分析资料，分析长江三角洲及其周边地区（27.5°~35°N，115°~122.5°E）地闪活动与不同种类气溶胶的关系。结果表明：不同种类气溶胶与地闪活动的关系不同，有地闪日的硫酸盐气溶胶光学厚度更高，无地闪日的沙尘气溶胶光学厚度更高，地闪多发生在硫酸盐气溶胶光学厚度较高且沙尘气溶胶光学厚度较低的环境中。当硫酸盐气溶胶光学厚度低于阈值时，在一定相对湿度条件下地闪密度与硫酸盐气溶胶光学厚度为正相关关系，当硫酸盐气溶胶光学厚度高于阈值时，地闪密度有减小的趋势或趋势不明显，且不同月份的阈值不同。因此，气溶胶的云微物理作用与辐射效应的叠加使得气溶胶与地闪活动的关系更为复杂，而沙尘气溶胶与地闪密度在4—6月呈负相关关系，7—9月相关不显著。Abstract: Lightning activity poses threats to human life and property safety. A large volume studies indicate that aerosol plays a significant role in lightning activity. To explore the effect of different types of aerosols on lightning activity in the Yangtze River Delta and its surrounding areas, cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning location data and aerosol optical depth from reanalysis dataset is analyzed in the target area(27.5°-35°N, 115°-122.5°E) during 2015-2021.The spatial distribution of aerosol optical depth (AOD) with CG lightning condition and without CG lightning condition, and monthly variation of aerosol concentration under two conditions are investigated. All the grids in the target region show that sulfate AOD is higher, while dust AOD is lower with CG lightning. In summer there are little differences between the AOD with CG lightning and without CG lightning conditions. In other months, more sulfate aerosol and less dust aerosol are found with CG lightning condition.The spatial distribution of CG lightning density difference under higher and lower AOD conditions is given. The results show that when the sulfate AOD is high, the CG lightning density of most grids is higher. The CG lightning density is significantly lower when the dust AOD is high.The correlation coefficient between CG lightning density and the AOD for different types of aerosols is calculated for the months when CG lightning is active. When the concentration of sulfate aerosol is low, the correlation coefficient between sulfate AOD and CG lightning density is significant. When the sulfate aerosol concentration exceeds a certain threshold, there is no significant correlation between CG lightning density and sulfate AOD. The positive correlation may be due to the fact that the cloud microphysical effect of sulfate aerosols can promote the development of convection. With sufficient water vapors, sulfate aerosols form cloud condensation nuclei and promote CG lightning activity. When the concentration of sulfate aerosols is higher than the threshold value, the cloud microphysical effect and the radiation effect of aerosol may be counterbalanced, which may lead to weak correlation between CG lightning density and aerosol concentration. The results also show a weak negative correlation between dust aerosol and CG lightning density in April, May, June, and no significant correlation in July, August, September. Considering the low concentration of dust aerosols in the Yangtze River Delta and its surrounding areas, the inhibitory effect of dust aerosols on CG lightning activity may not be just explained by the radiation effect. The large particle size of dust aerosol may play a significant role in suppressing CG lightning activity.
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Key words:
- cloud-to-ground lightning activity;
- aerosol;
- cloud microphysics
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图 1 2015—2021年长三角及周边地区地闪密度、大气AOD、硫酸盐AOD和沙尘AOD空间分布
Fig. 1 Spatial distribution of cloud-to-ground lightning density, atmosphere AOD, sulfate AOD and dust AOD in the Yangtze River Delta from 2015 to 2021
图 2 2015—2021年长三角及周边地区逐月平均的大气AOD、硫酸盐AOD、沙尘AOD和地闪数
Fig. 2 Monthly averaged atmosphere AOD, sulfate AOD, dust AOD and cloud-to-ground lightning number in the Yangtze River Delta from 2015 to 2021
图 3 2015—2021年长三角及其周边地区有地闪日平均大气AOD、硫酸盐AOD和沙尘AOD较无地闪日的相对变化
Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of differences in monthly averaged atmosphere AOD, sulfate AOD and dust AOD between cloud-to-ground lightning days and no cloud-to-ground lightning days in the Yangtze River Delta from 2015 to 2021
图 4 2015—2021年4—9月长三角及其周边地区逐月平均的大气AOD、硫酸盐AOD和沙尘AOD在有地闪日和无地闪日的箱线图
Fig. 4 Box plots of monthly averaged total AOD, sulfate AOD and dust AOD in cloud-to-ground lighting days and no cloud-to-ground lightning days in the Yangtze River Delta from Apr to Sep during 2015-2021
图 5 AOD较高与较低条件下地闪密度差值
Fig. 5 Spatial distribution of differences in cloud-to-ground lightning density between high and low AOD conditions
图 6 2015—2021年4—9月长三角及其周边地区地闪密度与硫酸盐AOD散点图
Fig. 6 Scatter plots of cloud-to-ground lightning density and sulfate AOD in the Yangtze River Delta from Apr to Sep during 2015-2021
图 7 2015—2021年4—9月长三角及其周边地区地闪密度与850 hPa相对湿度散点图
Fig. 7 Scatter plots of cloud-to-ground lightning density and 850 hPa relative humidity in the Yangtze River Delta from Apr to Sep during 2015-2021
图 8 2015—2021年4—9月长三角及其周边地区硫酸盐AOD与850 hPa相对湿度散点图
Fig. 8 Scatter plots of sulfate AOD and 850 hPa relative humidity in the Yangtze River Delta from Apr to Sep during 2015-2021
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