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Comparison of Characteristics of Light Precipitation and Short-time Heavy Precipitation over Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and Neighbouring Areas
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摘要: 京津冀及周边地区为我国北方强降水的多发区域。基于1966—2021年87个国家级气象站逐小时降水资料对比分析暖季5—9月一般性降水和短时强降水的空间分布及年际变化，并基于1980—2021年298个气象站分析日变化等特征。结果表明：京津冀及周边地区的渤海西侧平原区域存在短时强降水强度极端性显著区域。渤海西侧平原以外区域两类降水平均小时降水量、强度和降水时次百分比均呈增长趋势，但短时强降水的增幅更高，而渤海西侧平原区域趋势则均不明显。渤海西侧平原区域和渤海西侧平原以外区域的一般性降水平均小时降水量和降水时次百分比日变化幅度显著弱于短时强降水；7—9月渤海西侧平原区域降水夜发性更明显，且相比另一区域半峰持续时间多出约2 h。2005年后渤海西侧平原区域和渤海西侧平原以外区域短时强降水平均小时降水量和降水时次百分比下午时段均明显减弱，但午夜后至清晨明显增加。Abstract: Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and neighbouring areas (34°-43°N, 113°-123°E) are located at the north edge of the East Asian summer monsoon, and they are also the main heavy-rain areas in northern China. The hourly precipitation data of 87 national meteorological stations from 1966 to 2021 are used for the analysis of spatial distribution and interannual variations, while the data of 298 stations from 1980 to 2021 are used to statistically analyze the diurnal variations and interannual variations of light precipitation (0.1-20 mm·h-1) and short-time heavy precipitation (no less than 20 mm·h-1) for the warm season (May-September) over the region. The results show that the annual average light precipitation and frequency in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and neighbouring areas during the warm season are much higher than those of short-time heavy precipitation. However, there is an area in the west of the Bohai Sea Region (37°-41°N, 115°-119.5°E) with high short-time heavy rainfall intensity but weak rainfall amount and frequency, which means the convective characteristics of short-time precipitation over this area are more extreme and significant. The interannual variations of two kinds of precipitation amount, frequency, and intensity in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and neighbouring areas excluding the west of Bohai Sea Region both present an overall growing trend in the warm season, in which the increasing trend of short-time heavy precipitation is more obvious, but the trend in the west of the Bohai Sea Region is not obvious. The diurnal variation amplitudes of light precipitation amount and frequency in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and neighbouring areas excluding the west of the Bohai Sea Region are significantly weaker than those of short-time heavy precipitation, but the peak durations are significantly longer. Compared to Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and neighbouring areas excluding the west of the Bohai Sea Region, two types of precipitation in the west of the Bohai Sea Region from July to September are more frequent and the rainfall peak durations are longer. The interannual variations of precipitation in different periods of the whole day show that the light precipitation in two regions both decrease in the afternoon, while the short-time heavy precipitation has weakened significantly in the afternoon since 2005, but increased significantly from midnight to early morning.
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图 1 京津冀及周边地区降水观测站分布
(灰度填色表示地形高度；方块为1966—2021年5—9月87个有效测站, 1980—2021年5—9月为298个有效测站，三角为较1966—2021年增加的测站；方框表示渤海西侧平原区域)
Fig. 1 Distribution of national meteorological stations in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and neighbouring areas
(the gray shaded denotes terrain height, square symbols denote 87 valid stations from May to Sep from 1966 to 2021 and 298 valid stations from 1980 to 2021, of which the added stations are indicated by triangles, box denotes the west plains of the Bohai Sea Region)
图 2 1966—2021年暖季降水分布(黑框表示渤海西侧平原区域)
(a)一般性降水的平均年降水量(填色)，(b)短时强降水的平均年降水量(填色)，(c)一般性降水的降水时次百分比(填色) 和平均小时降水强度(等值线，单位：mm·h-1)，(d)短时强降水的降水时次百分比(填色) 和平均小时降水强度(等值线，单位：mm·h-1)
Fig. 2 Spatial distribution of rainfall during warm season over Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and its neighbouring areas from 1966 to 2021 (the black box denotes the west plains of the Bohai Sea Region)
(a)averaged annual rainfall (the shaded) of light precipitation, (b)averaged annual rainfall (the shaded) of short-term heavy precipitation, (c)hourly precipitation frequency (the shaded) and averaged hourly rainfall intensity (the isoline, unit:mm·h-1) of light precipitation, (d)hourly precipitation frequency (the shaded) and averaged hourly rainfall intensity (the isoline, unit:mm·h-1) of short-term heavy precipitation
图 3 1966—2021年暖季渤海西侧平原以外区域和渤海西侧平原区域的平均小时降水量、降水时次百分比和平均小时降水强度3年滑动平均
Fig. 3 Three-year running standardized averaged hourly rainfall amount, frequency, intensity over Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and its neighbouring areas excluding the west plains of the Bohai Sea Region and the west plains of Bohai Sea Region during warm season of 1966-2021
图 5 1980—2021年暖季渤海西侧平原以外区域和渤海西侧平原区域标准化的平均小时降水量、降水时次百分比和平均小时降水强度日变化
Fig. 5 Standardized diurnal variations of averaged hourly rainfall amount, frequency and intensity over Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and its neighbouring areas excluding the west plains of the Bohai Sea Region and the west plain of Bohai Sea Region during warm season from 1980 to 2021
图 7 渤海西侧平原以外区域(填色) 和渤海西侧平原区域(等值线) 暖季标准化降水日变化的年际变化
(细实线表示大于1.0，粗实线表示等于1.0，细虚线表示小于1.0)
(a)一般性降水的平均小时降水量，(b)短时强降水的平均小时降水量，(c)一般性降水的降水时次百分比，(d)短时强降水的降水时次百分比，(e)一般性降水的平均小时降水强度，(f)短时强降水的平均小时降水强度Fig. 7 Interannual changes of standardized diurnal variation during warm season over Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and its neighbouring areas excluding the west plains of Bohai Sea Region (the shaded) and the west plains of the Bohai Sea Region (the isoline)(thin solid lines denote values greater than 1.0, thick solid lines denote values equal to 1.0, thin dashed lines denote values less than 1.0)
(a)average hourly rainfall amount of light precipitation,(b)average hourly rainfall amount of short-term heavy precipitation,(c)average hourly rainfall frequency of light precipitation,(d)average hourly rainfall frequency of short-term heavy precipitation,(e)average hourly rainfall intensity of light precipitation,(f)average hourly rainfall intensity of short-term heavy precipitation
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