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Dual Polarization Radar Characteristics of Severe Downburst Occurred in Weak Vertical Wind Shear
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摘要: 基于S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达和常规观测资料, 分析发生于2022年6月26日、6月30日和7月2日弱垂直风切变环境下强下击暴流的双偏振特征, 探讨其物理机制。研究表明:3次强下击暴流的对流不稳定能量较强, 但垂直风切变较小。6·30风暴和7·2风暴低层较湿, 中(上)层略干, 6·26风暴除近地层外整层较干。在垂直风切变较弱且0℃层高度较高的环境下, 强下击暴流同时伴有高强度分钟降水量(超过3 mm)是其重要特征之一;强下击暴流产生前, 风暴强度较强且风暴顶较高(超过10 km), 0℃层及以上高度存在超过3.0°·km-1的差分相移率高值区, 表明液态粒子或融化的小冰相粒子浓度较高, 可视为风暴液态粒子质量团的悬垂, 类似于强反射率因子核的悬垂及下降, 诱发强下击暴流并伴有短时高强度降水;由于夹卷层平均风速较小, 该类强下击暴流动量下传机制较弱, 如果空气较湿, 强下击暴流的主要机制为重力拖曳及冰相粒子的融化作用, 如果空气较干, 还应考虑干空气的夹卷蒸发作用。Abstract: Based on S-band Dual polarization doppler radar data and conventional observations, characteristics of 3 severe downbursts occurred under the background of weak vertical wind shear are analyzed, and their possible physical formation mechanisms are studied. It shows that they all occur with high convective available potential energy, but the vertical wind shear (less than 10 m·s-1) of the environmental atmosphere is weak. 6·30 storm and 7·2 storm are featured by wetter air at low level and drier air at middle (or high) level, while the atmosphere air for 6·26 storm is dry from low level to high level except for the near surface layer. With weak wind vertical shear and higher 0℃ layer height, this type of severe downburst is mostly along with high intensity precipitation (over 3 mm per minute). Before the severe downbursts touch down, the storms grow intensively (over 60 dBZ) and expand over 10 km height, the differential reflectivity (ZDR) and specific differential phase shift (KDP) columns are higher over -10℃ layer, and KDP columns' area at -10℃ layer are larger than ZDR columns'. For dual polarization radar, the appearance of high KDP region (more than 3.0°·km-1) around or above 0℃ layer can be regard as a criterion for identifying downbursts. The high KDP region with high concentrations of liquid partials or small melting ice particles around or above 0℃ layer can be treated as the overhanging quality roll of liquid particles, which is similar to the overhanging and descending reflectivity core. The appearance and descending of high KDP region initiates the development of severe downburst along with short-time high intensity precipitation. Due to weak entrainmental zone mean wind speed, the contribution of downward momentum transportation mechanism on the surface gale wind is probably weak. If the environmental atmosphere is wet, the dominant formation mechanism for severe downburst is the gravity dragging effect by abundant liquid (or small melting ice) particles and a tiny quantity of big hail, and the subordinate formation mechanism is the melt cooling effect by ice phase particles. If the environmental atmosphere is dry especially at middle or high level, the entrainment effect and evaporative cooling effect by dry air also contribute to the maintenance and acceleration of downdrafts.
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图 1 探空站、雷达站和自动气象站分布
Fig. 1 Distribution of sounding, radar and automatic weather stations
图 2 2022年6月26日、6月30日和7月2日08:00 500 hPa位势高度场(等值线，单位：dagpm) 和700 hPa风场(风羽)
Fig. 2 500 hPa geopotential height (the contour,unit:dagpm) and 700 hPa wind (the barb) at 0800 BT 26 Jun, 0800 BT 30 Jun and 0800 BT 2 Jul in 2022
图 3 2022年6月26日14:54青岛双偏振雷达组合反射率因子(a)和0.5°仰角径向速度(b)
Fig. 3 Composite reflectivity(a) and 0.5° elevation radial velocity(b) by Qingdao dual polarization radar at 1454 BT 26 Jun 2022
图 4 2022年6月26日14:54和15:00青岛双偏振雷达ZH，KDP和ZDR沿316.5°的径向垂直剖面
(紫色、红色和蓝色水平实线分别为湿球0℃层，0℃层和-20℃层高度)
Fig. 4 Cross-sections of ZH, KDP and ZDR along 316.5° radial direction by Qingdao dual polarization radar at 1454 BT and 1500 BT on 26 Jun 2022 (purple, red and blue horizontal solid lines denote heights of the wet bulb 0℃ layer, 0℃ layer and -20℃ layer, respectively)
图 5 济南双偏振雷达2022年6月30日12:42组合反射率因子(a)和0.5°仰角径向速度(b)
Fig. 5 Composite reflectivity(a) and 0.5° elevation radial velocity(b) by Jinan dual polarization radar at 1242 BT 30 Jun 2022
图 6 2022年6月30日12:37和12:42济南双偏振雷达ZH，KDP和ZDR沿97°的径向垂直剖面
(紫色、红色和蓝色水平实线分别为湿球0℃层，0℃层和-20℃层高度)
Fig. 6 Cross-sections of ZH, KDP and ZDR along 97° radial direction by Qingdao dual polarization radar at 1237 BT and 1242 BT on 30 Jun 2022 (purple, red and blue horizontal solid lines denote heights of the wet bulb 0℃ layer, 0℃ layer and -20℃ layer, respectively)
图 7 2022年7月2日15:36濮阳雷达组合反射率因子(a)和0.5°仰角径向速度(b)
Fig. 7 Composite reflectivity(a) and 0.5° elevation radial velocity(b) by Puyang dual polarization radar at 1536 BT 2 Jul 2022
图 8 2022年7月2日15:31和15:37济宁双偏振雷达ZH和KDP沿258°的径向垂直剖面
(紫色、红色和蓝色水平实线分别为湿球0℃层，0℃层和-20℃层高度)
Fig. 8 Cross-sections of ZH and KDP along 258° radial direction by Jining dual polarization radar at 1531 BT and 1537 BT on 2 Jul 2022 (purple, red and blue horizontal solid lines denote heights of the wet bulb 0℃ layer, 0℃ layer layer and -20℃ layer, respectively)
表 1 青岛站、章丘站和郑州站探空环境物理量
Table 1 Environmental physical parameters obtained by sounding at Qingdao, Zhangqiu and Zhengzhou
物理量 青岛站
2022-06-26T08:00章丘站
2022-06-30T08:00郑州站
2022-07-02T08:00K指数/℃ -5.5 35 35 850 hPa和500 hPa的温差/℃ 30 25 26 有利抬升指数/℃ -6.8 -4.1 -3.9 对流有效位能/(J·kg-1) 1880 1010 1820 对流抑制位能/(J·kg-1) 0 0 0 600 hPa下沉对流有效位能/(J·kg-1) 1760 470 935 0~6 km垂直风切变/(m·s-1) 5.9 9.7 5.9 0~3 km垂直风切变/(m·s-1) 6.6 10.4 4.3 整层比湿度积分/(g·kg-1) 2810 4186 4109 干层强度/℃ 45 6 13.5 夹卷层平均风速/(m·s-1) 8.2 9.9 5.0 湿球0℃层高度/km 3.2 4.2 4.1 0℃层高度/km 4.9 4.4 4.9 -10℃层高度/km 6.7 6.2 6.6 -20℃层高度/km 8.1 7.9 8.2 
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表 2 风暴雷达特征
Table 2 Radar characteristics for storms
风暴 ZDR柱高度/km KDP柱高度/km -10℃层ZDR柱面积/(距离库数量) -10℃层KDP柱面积/(距离库数量) T-2 T-1 T T-2 T-1 T T-2 T-1 T T-2 T-1 T 6·26 6.7 6.7 7.5 7.5 8.8 7.5 8 5 6 35 20 5 6·30 6.8 6.8 6.7 9.1 7.5 7.1 6 3 7 8 11 6 7·2 8.0 8.0 9.3 8.5 28 9 47 34
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