设为首页
加入收藏
Effects of Covering and Uncovering Date on Seedling Emergence of Overwintering Ginseng and American Ginseng
-
摘要: 人参和西洋参冬季需要覆盖防寒才能安全越冬, 覆盖时间和揭膜时间对安全越冬及出苗影响很大, 为确定最佳防寒覆盖时间和揭膜时间, 2021年11月—2022年6月在吉林省抚松县开展分期覆盖和分期揭膜试验, 研究不同覆盖时间和揭膜时间对人参和西洋参越冬期地温及出苗影响。结果表明:人参和西洋参出苗率随着覆盖时间推迟而下降。5 cm地温降至0℃时覆盖防寒, 人参和西洋参出苗率最高, 是最佳覆盖防寒期;5 cm地温降至-12℃以下覆盖西洋参大部或全部冻死;5 cm地温瞬时低至-14℃时人参出苗率仍达75%;5 cm地温在-14~-8℃之间波动, 极端最低为-16℃的裸地人参全部被冻死。人参出苗时5~20 cm地温约为8~9℃, 西洋参略高于人参。用高绝热纤维被覆盖防寒, 揭膜越晚地温越低, 出苗越晚, 揭膜时间影响出苗进度, 与最终出苗率相关不明显;最佳揭膜时间需根据地形具体分析, 早春常发生霜冻地块可结合气候预测, 通过揭膜时间控制出苗进度避免春季冻害的发生。Abstract: Ginseng and American ginseng need to be covered and protected against cold in winter to survive, and covering and uncovering date has great influences on safe overwintering and seedling emergence. To determine the optimal time, field experiments are conducted at Fusong of Jilin Province from November 2021 to June 2022. Effects of different covering dates on the soil temperature in the overwintering layer and seedling emergence rate of ginseng and American ginseng are studied through different experiment themes. For some cases they are covered in stages in early winter and simultaneously uncovered in spring, and there are also other cases when the ginseng and American ginseng are covered simultaneously in early winter and uncovered step by step in spring. Results show that the emergence rate of ginseng and American ginseng decreases with the delay of coverage date. When 5 cm soil temperature is 0℃, the coverage date for cold prevention is the best, with the highest emergence rate of ginseng and American ginseng. Below -12℃, most or all of American ginseng is frozen to death. When the instantaneous 5 cm soil temperature drops to -14℃, the emergence rate of ginseng still reaches 75%. The emergence rate of ginseng seedlings in other treatments above this temperature coverage is mostly over 86%. When the soil temperature is -7℃ or above, the emergence rate of ginseng seedlings is above 97%. The emergence rate of ginseng seedlings covered by snow is 91%. The soil temperature fluctuates between -14℃ and -8℃, and all uncovered ginseng with an extreme minimum of -16℃ is frozen to death. When ginseng seedlings emerge, the soil temperature of 5-20 cm is around 8-9℃, slightly higher than that of American ginseng. Covering with high insulation fibers to prevent cold, the later the cover is removed, the lower the soil temperature becomes, and the later the seedlings emerge. The date of uncovering affects the progress of seedling emergence, but has little correlation with the emergence rate. The optimal date of uncovering needs to be analyzed further. On frost prone areas in early spring, combined with climate prediction, the emergence progress can be adjusted by uncovering date to avoid spring freezing damage.
-
图 1 2021年11月1日—2022年2月28日吉林省抚松县逐日平均气温(a)和降水量(b)变化
Fig. 1 Variation of daily averaged temperature(a) and precipitation(b) at Fusong of Jilin Province from 1 Nov 2021 to 28 Feb 2022
图 2 2022年1月不同覆盖时间5 cm地温变化
Fig. 2 Variation of 5 cm soil temperature on different covering dates in Jan 2022
图 3 2022年3月31日揭膜后各层地温变化
Fig. 3 Variation of soil temperature at different layers after uncovering on 31 Mar 2022
图 4 2022年不同揭膜时间5 cm地温(a)和20 cm地温(b)变化
Fig. 4 Variation of 5 cm soil temperature(a) and 20 cm soil temperature(b) on different uncovering dates in 2022
图 5 2022年不同揭膜时间出苗前后20 cm地温变化
Fig. 5 Variation of 20 cm soil temperature before and after emergence of seedlings on different uncovering dates in 2022
表 1 2021年覆盖时间、覆盖时5 cm地温及该覆盖条件下越冬期极端最低地温
Table 1 Covering date, 5 cm soil temperature and extreme minimum soil temperature during overwintering period under specific covering condition in 2021
试验处理 覆盖日期 覆盖时5 cm地温/℃ 越冬期极端最低5 cm地温/℃ 覆盖处理1 11-19 0 -2 覆盖处理2 11-24 -2 -6 覆盖处理3 11-28 -6 -6 覆盖处理4 11-28覆盖，12-19夜被风吹开，12-22再次覆盖。 -12 -12 覆盖处理5 12-19 -12 -12 覆盖处理6 12-22 -14 -15 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 2022年揭膜时间、揭膜时5 cm地温及越冬期极端最低地温
Table 2 Uncovering date, 5 cm soil temperature and extreme minimum soil temperature during overwintering period in 2022
试验处理 揭膜日期 揭膜时5 cm地温/℃ 越冬期极端最低5 cm地温/℃ 揭膜处理1 03-31 -1 -2 揭膜处理2 04-13 2 -2 揭膜处理3 04-20 2 -2 揭膜处理4 04-30 5 -3
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 不同覆盖时间条件下人参和西洋参出苗率(单位：%)
Table 3 Seedling emergence rate of ginseng and American ginseng on different covering dates (unit:%)
处理 人参出苗率 西洋参出苗率 覆盖处理1 100 100 覆盖处理2 100 88 覆盖处理3 97 66 覆盖处理4 95 15 覆盖处理5 86 0 覆盖处理6 75 0 对照1 0 0 对照2 91 91
下载: 导出CSV
表 4 2022年不同揭膜时间人参和西洋参的出苗率(单位：%)
Table 4 Ginseng and American ginseng seedling emergence rate on different uncovering dates in 2022 (unit:%)
处理 人参 西洋参 揭膜处理1 84 100 揭膜处理2 96 97 揭膜处理3 85 100 揭膜处理4 100 92
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 宋承吉.中国人参史.沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,2019.Song C J. China Ginseng History. Shenyang: Liaoning Science and Technology Press, 2019. [2] 张其书, 王飒. 人参生态气候环境及种植地域适应性的研究. 植物生态学与地植物学丛刊, 1984, 8(2): 85-92. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZWSB198402000.htmZhang Q S, Wang S. Research on the environment of ecological climate and adaptability to cultivated region in ginseng. China J Plant Ecol, 1984, 8(2): 85-92. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZWSB198402000.htm [3] 王利群, 宿延英. 长白山区气候条件对西洋参生长的影响. 人参研究, 1996, 8(1): 27-30. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RSYJ199601008.htmWang L Q, Su Y Y. Influence of climatic conditions on the growth of American ginseng in Changbai Mountain Area. Ginseng Res, 1996, 8(1): 27-30. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RSYJ199601008.htm [4] Schooley J, Proctor J T A. Freeze damage to North American ginseng. Hort Technology, 2003, 13(4): 697-701. [5] 李继宝, 黄瑞贤. 2002、2003年靖宇县人参、西洋参冻害及其气象原因. 吉林气象, 2004, 11(4): 39. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JLQX200404019.htmLi J B, Huang R X. Freezing injury of ginseng and American ginseng and its meteorological causes in Jingyu County in 2002 and 2003. Jilin Meteor, 2004, 11(4): 39. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JLQX200404019.htm [6] 于春刚, 郑殿家, 钱少军. 集安市人参、西洋参冻害的初步调查. 人参研究, 2002, 14(2): 16-28. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RSYJ200202001.htmYu C G, Zheng D J, Qian S J. Preliminary investigation on freezing injury of ginseng and American ginseng in Ji'an City. Ginseng Res, 2002, 14(2): 16-28. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RSYJ200202001.htm [7] 王刚, 陈少麟, 张艳梅. 长白山冬季气候对人参、西洋参越冬的影响以及应对措施. 人参研究, 2019, 31(5): 46-47. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RSYJ201905018.htmWang G, Chen S L, Zhang Y M. Influence of winter climate in Changbai Mountain on overwintering of ginseng and American ginseng and countermeasures. Ginseng Res, 2019, 31(5): 46-47. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RSYJ201905018.htm [8] 赵琳娜, 慕秀香, 马翠平, 等. 冬季稳定性降水相态预报研究进展. 应用气象学报, 2021, 32(1): 12-24. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210102Zhao L N, Mu X X, Ma C P, et al. A review on stable precipitation type forecast in winter. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(1): 12-24. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210102 [9] 高镇生, 崔德深, 檀树先. 西洋参在我国东北地区的抗寒性表现及预防冻害的技术措施. 中药材科技, 1980, 3(2): 9-11. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZYCA198002003.htmGao Z S, Cui D S, Tan S X. Cold resistance performance of American ginseng in Northeast China and technical measures to prevent freezing injury. J China Med Mater, 1980, 3(2): 9-11. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZYCA198002003.htm [10] 黄瑞贤, 高景恩, 周红霞, 等. 靖宇县2002年和2003年人参、西洋参冻害调查及预防冻害的技术建议. 人参研究, 2003, 15(3): 22-24. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RSYJ200303008.htmHuang R X, Gao J E, Zhou H X, et al. Investigation on freezing injury of ginseng and American ginseng in Jingyu County in 2002 and 2003 and technical suggestions for preventing freezing injury. Ginseng Res, 2003, 15(3): 22-24. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RSYJ200303008.htm [11] 邢云章, 马凤茹, 刘景云. 人参冻害原因分析及其预防. 特产科学实验, 1985, 7(4): 44-45. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TCYA198504023.htmXing Y Z, Ma F R, Liu J Y. Cause analysis and prevention of ginseng freezing injury. Spec Wild Econ Anim Plant Res, 1985, 7(4): 44-45. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TCYA198504023.htm [12] 黄瑞贤, 高景恩, 任大年, 等. 西洋参冻害的预防及补救技术措施. 人参研究, 1998, 10(3): 24-25. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RSYJ199803007.htmHuang R X, Gao J E, Ren D N, et al. Prevention and remedial technical measures of freezing injury of American ginseng. Ginseng Res, 1998, 10(3): 24-25. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RSYJ199803007.htm [13] 闫德友. 解决人参冻害的几项措施. 人参研究, 2004, 16(2): 22-26. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RSYJ200402003.htmYan D Y. Several measures to solve the freezing injury of ginseng. Ginseng Res, 2004, 16(2): 22-26. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RSYJ200402003.htm [14] 袁福香, 穆佳, 晏晓英, 等. 2019/2020年冬春季长白山区气象条件对人参越冬及幼苗影响分析. 气象灾害防御, 2021, 28(2): 40-44. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JLQX202102009.htmYuan F X, Mu J, Yan X Y, et al. Analysis on the influence of meteorological conditions on ginseng overwintering and seedlings in Changbai Mountain Area in winter and spring of 2019/2020. Meteor Disaster Prev, 2021, 28(2): 40-44. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JLQX202102009.htm [15] 王继尧. 怎样预防人参冻害. 新农业, 1984(19): 11. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XNYZ198419007.htmWang J Y. How to prevent ginseng from freezing injury. New Agriculture, 1984(19): 11. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XNYZ198419007.htm [16] 成菲, 李巧萍, 沈新勇, 等. BCC-CSM1.1m对欧亚积雪覆盖的预测评估. 应用气象学报, 2021, 32(5): 553-566. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210504Cheng F, Li Q P, Shen X Y, et al. Evaluation of Eurasian snow cover fraction prediction based on BCC-CSM1.1m. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(5): 553-566. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210504 [17] 付强, 侯仁杰, 王子龙, 等. 积雪覆盖下土壤热状况及其对气象因素的响应研究. 农业机械学报, 2015, 46(7): 154-161. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NYJX201507023.htmFu Q, Hou R J, Wang Z L, et al. Soil thermal regime under snow cover and its response to meteorological factors. Trans China Soc Agric Mach, 2015, 46(7): 154-161. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NYJX201507023.htm [18] 邢述彦, 刘虎, 郑秀清, 等. 秸秆覆盖厚度对冻融期土壤温度的影响. 太原理工大学学报, 2012, 43(6): 741-744. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TYGY201206024.htmXing S Y, Liu H, Zheng X Q, et al. Effects of corn mulch thickness on soil temperature during freezing-thawing period. J Taiyuan Univ Technol, 2012, 43(6): 741-744. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TYGY201206024.htm [19] 刘传和, 贺涵, 匡石滋, 等. 菠萝园冬季防寒覆盖的调控效果. 中国农业气象, 2020, 41(4): 230-239. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGNY202004006.htmLiu C H, He H, Kuang S Z, et al. Regulatory effects of covering-practices in orchard for pineapple cold-proofing in winter. China J Agrometeor, 2020, 41(4): 230-239. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGNY202004006.htm [20] 崔爱花, 杜传莉, 黄国勤, 等. 秸秆覆盖量对红壤旱地棉花生长及土壤温度的影响. 生态学报, 2018, 38(2): 733-740. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STXB201802037.htmCui A H, Du C L, Huang G Q, et al. Effects of straw mulching amount on cotton growth and soil temperature in red soil drylands. Acta Ecol Sinica, 2018, 38(2): 733-740. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STXB201802037.htm [21] 屈振江, 周广胜, 魏钦平. 苹果花期冻害气象指标和风险评估. 应用气象学报, 2016, 27(4): 385-395. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20160401Qu Z J, Zhou G S, Wei Q P. Meteorological disaster index and risk assessment of frost injury during apple florescence. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2016, 27(4): 385-395. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20160401 [22] 王培娟, 唐俊贤, 金志凤, 等. 中国茶树春霜冻害研究进展. 应用气象学报, 2021, 32(2): 129-145. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210201Wang P J, Tang J X, Jin Z F, et al. Review on spring frost disaster for tea plant in China. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(2): 129-145. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210201 [23] 李化龙, 王景红, 张维敏, 等. 模拟低温下主产品种猕猴桃结果母枝冻害指标. 应用气象学报, 2021, 32(5): 618-628. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210509Li H L, Wang J H, Zhang W M, et al. Freezing injury index of kiwifruit branches for main varieties under simulated low temperature. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(5): 618-628. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210509 [24] 刘聪, 李凯伟, 张继权, 等. 基于气候适宜度的南方柑橘种植精细化气候区划. 应用气象学报, 2021, 32(4): 421-431. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210404Liu C, Li K W, Zhang J Q, et al. Refined climatic zoning for citrus cultivation in southern China based on climate suitability. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(4): 421-431. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210404 [25] 唐俊贤, 王培娟, 俄有浩, 等. 中国大陆茶树种植气候适宜性区划. 应用气象学报, 2021, 32(4): 397-407. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210402Tang J X, Wang P J, E Y H, et al. Climatic suitability zoning of tea planting in Mainland China. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(4): 397-407. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210402 [26] 刘维, 宋迎波. 基于气象要素的逐日玉米产量气象影响指数. 应用气象学报, 2022, 33(3): 364-374. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20220310Liu W, Song Y B. A daily meteorological impact index of maize yield based on weather elements. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2022, 33(3): 364-374. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20220310 [27] 邱美娟, 刘布春, 刘园, 等. 中国北方苹果种植需水特征及降水适宜性. 应用气象学报, 2021, 32(2): 175-187. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210204Qiu M J, Liu B C, Liu Y, et al. Water requirement and precipitation suitability of apple planting in northern China. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(2): 175-187. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210204 [28] 柏秦凤, 王景红, 李化龙, 等. 美味系猕猴桃越冬冻害指标. 应用气象学报, 2021, 32(4): 504-512. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210411Bai Q F, Wang J H, Li H L, et al. Freezing injury indicator of tasty kiwifruit during overwintering period. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(4): 504-512. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210411 [29] 王二欢. 低温胁迫下人参生理生态特性及防寒措施研究. 长春: 吉林农业大学, 2016.Wang E H. Eco-physiological Characteristics and Measures Preventing Damage of Panax Ginseng Under Chilling Stress. Changchun: Jilin Agricultural University, 2016. [30] 段晓凤, 朱永宁, 张磊, 等. 宁夏枸杞花期霜冻指标试验研究. 应用气象学报, 2020, 31(4): 417-426. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200404Duan X F, Zhu Y N, Zhang L, et al. Experimental research on frost indexes for lycium barbarum flowering phase. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(4): 417-426. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200404 [31] 王静, 张晓煜, 张磊, 等. 越冬期埋土防寒层厚度对贺兰山东麓葡萄园土壤温度的影响. 中国农业气象, 2022, 43(8): 633-643. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGNY202208004.htmWang J, Zhang X Y, Zhang L, et al. Effects of the thickness of buried soil for cold prevention on the vineyard soil temperature during the overwintering period at the eastern foot of Helan Mountain. China J Agrometeorol, 2022, 43(8): 633-643. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGNY202208004.htm [32] 宋艳玲, 周广胜, 郭建平, 等. 北方冬小麦冬季冻害及播期延迟应对. 应用气象学报, 2022, 33(4): 454-465. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20220406Song Y L, Zhou G S, Guo J P, et al. Freezing injury of winter wheat in northern China and delaying sowing date to adapt. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2022, 33(4): 454-465. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20220406 [33] 李红英, 段晓凤, 旭花, 等. 贺兰山东西两麓酿酒葡萄越冬覆盖防寒措施效果对比. 中国农业气象, 2022, 43(7): 575-586. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGNY202207006.htmLi H Y, Duan X F, Xu H, et al. Comparison on effect between two anti-freezing measures taken for wine grape overwintering in the east and west foothills of Helan Mountain. China J Agrometeor, 2022, 43(7): 575-586. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGNY202207006.htm -
图(5) / 表(4)
计量
- 摘要浏览量: 359
- HTML全文浏览量: 65
- PDF下载量: 46
- 被引次数: 0
