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Three-dimensional Numerical Simulation of the Protective Effect of Tall Building on Short Building
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摘要: 运用三维高分辨率随机多先导连接模型, 设置高矮两座建筑物并改变其中矮建筑物的高度以及高矮两座建筑物水平距离, 同时设置孤立矮建筑物进行对照, 探究多先导模式下高建筑物对矮建筑物的保护作用。结果表明:高矮建筑物距离较近时, 下行先导的发展完全受高建筑影响;随着建筑物水平距离增加, 高建筑物对先导主通道仍然存在明显吸引效应。当矮建筑物雷击概率的增长趋势出现明显减缓的分界点, 此时与孤立矮建筑物的雷击概率仅相差3.6%, 但单次闪电的连接过程仍存在显著差异。通过对比不同建筑物水平距离与孤立建筑物的雷击结果, 高矮建筑物水平距离由400 m增至600 m, 差异则从44.5%降低至22.7%。在相同高建筑物影响下, 不同高度矮建筑物的雷击概率变化趋势亦存在该特征, 高度为50, 100, 150 m和200 m的矮建筑物对应的雷击增长速率分界点的水平距离为300, 450, 550 m和600 m。Abstract: Tall buildings distort the electric field of the surrounding environment, resulting in a relatively strong electric field at top corners, which affects the lightning strike process, and the protection effect that short buildings receive from tall buildings varies with the distance between them. A three-dimensional fine-resolution lightning attachment model with multiple upward leaders (LAMM) is used to simulate protection effect of a tall building and a short building with different height and distance, with an isolated building set as a control group. Experimental results show that when there is a tall building with a short building in the space and two buildings are close to each other, the distortion range of the tall building almost completely contains the distortion range of the short building, the development of downward leader is completely affected by the tall building, and the shielding effect of the tall building on the short building is significant. With the increase of the building distance, the shielding effect of the tall building on the short building decreases exponentially. When tall building is 250 m high and the short building is 150 m high, probabilities of lightning strikes on short building with distance from 50 m to 600 m with interval of 50 m are 8.3%, 15.0%, 26.5%, 36.7%, 39.5%, 47.5%, 58.9%, 57.0%, 56.0%, 57.2%, 61.0%, and 62.5%. When there is a cut-off point where the increasing trend of the probability of lightning strikes on short buildings appears to slow down significantly, the probability of lightning strikes on short building differs from its probability of lightning strikes in isolation by only 3.6%. Comparing the lightning strike results for different building distance and isolated building, the difference in lightning strike results caused by the presence of tall building decreases from 44.5% to 22.7% when the horizontal distance between tall and short buildings is increased from 400 m to 600 m. Given the height of tall building, the probability of lightning strikes on short building with different heights follows a similar trend from a large increase to a flat increase with an inflection point. Corresponding to short building height from 50 m to 200 m, the horizontal distances reaching cut-off point are 300, 450, 550 m and 600 m, respectively. When two buildings are far separated, the effect of tall building on the probability of lightning strikes on short building is weaker, and it can be assumed that there is a state when tall building have no effect on the lightning attachment process.
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图 1 模拟区域示意图 (a)两座建筑物，(b)孤立建筑物
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of simulation area (a)two buildings,(b)isolated building
图 2 模拟结果示意图
黑色长方体为建筑物，蓝线表示下行先导通道结构，红线表示上行先导通道结构, 下同
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of simulation results
black rectangles are buildings, the blue line denotes downward leader channel structure, and the red line denotes upward lead channel structure, similarly hereinafter
图 3 矮建筑物雷击概率
虚线为拟合曲线
Fig. 3 Probability of lightning strikes for short building
the dashed line denotes fitting curve
图 4 不同建筑物水平距离的地闪空间发展形态
Fig. 4 Lightning space development pattern with different distance between buildings
图 5 高矮建筑物不同水平距离的空间电场畸变范围
Fig. 5 Distortion range of surrounding electric field for different horizontal distance between tall and short buildings
图 6 不同高度矮建筑物的雷击概率
实线为对应雷击概率的拟合曲线
Fig. 6 Lightning strike probability for short building with different heights
solid lines denote fitted curves
表 1 相同始发位置负地闪的雷击结果对比
Table 1 Comparison of negative ground flash lightning strike for the same initial position
建筑物水平距离/m 闪电击中地面概率/% 闪电击中矮建筑物/% 情形1 情形2 情形3 情形4 400 15.0 22.0 22.5 40.5 500 18.8 24.0 19.0 38.2 600 26.0 11.2 11.5 51.3 
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