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Rainfall Enhancement and Fog Dissipation Experiments in Wuling Mountain in 2020 Using Artificial Strong Sound Wave
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摘要: 为了研究人工低频强声波增雨和消雾作业手段的效果, 使用最大声压级为155 dB的电声低频强声波装置原型机, 于2020年8—9月在河北省雾灵山开展增雨和消雾外场作业观测试验。具有明显消雾效果的两个典型个例显示:作业开始后2~3 min内尺度小于10 μm的雾滴减少, 尺度大于10 μm的雾滴增多;随后大部分尺度的雾滴明显减少, 10 min内能见度可从小于100 m回升至最高1000 m。在风速、风向与消雾效果的关系方面, 消雾效果明显的个例均发生在平均风速小于1.5 m·s-1且风向可使雾能够途经声波装置影响范围近侧的条件下, 而平均风速大于2 m·s-1的个例能见度几乎未出现趋势性变化。在一次地面平均风速为1.4 m·s-1的对流云增雨作业中观测到符合试验预期的结果, 开始作业后的3 min内地面雨强从0.3 mm·h-1迅速增至7 mm·h-1以上, 并观测到出现迅速但维持时间较短的大雨滴。其他增雨个例在作业时段的平均风速均超过3 m·s-1, 可能受风速偏大和观测点单一的影响, 未能观测到明确且一致的增雨证据。Abstract: Low-frequency sound wave is a new type of operational approach that has the potential for enhancing rainfall and dissipating fog. To investigate the impact of this type of equipment, field operations and observational experiments are conducted in Wuling Mountain from August to September 2020. Wuling Mountain is located at Chengde of Hebei outside the northeastern boundary of Beijing. The main peak of the Yanshan Mountains is renowned for its foggy summers with an altitude of 2118 m. In the experiment, a prototype of an electronic acoustic low-frequency strong sound wave device is used. This device has a maximum sound pressure level of 155 dB. Meanwhile, observation instruments such as a disdrometer, visibility meter, fog droplet spectrometer, and automatic weather station with an ultrasonic anemometer are deployed. These instruments are used to obtain the background conditions and to monitor macro and micro changes during rainfall enhancement and fog dissipation operations for evaluating the effectiveness.In two typical cases with an obvious defogging effect, within 2 to 3 minutes after the start of the operation, the number of droplets smaller than 10 μm decreased, while the number of droplets larger than 10 μm increased. Subsequently, the size of the droplets on most scales decreased significantly, resulting in improved visibility. Within a span of 10 minutes, visibility could increase from less than 100 m to a maximum of 1000 m within 10 min. The relationship between wind speed, wind direction, and the dissipation effect of fog shows that cases with a noticeable defogging effect occur when the average wind speed is less than 1.5 m·s-1 and the wind direction causes the fog to pass through the near side of the influence range of the sound wave device, while cases with an average wind speed greater than 2 m·s-1 hardly show any change in visibility trends. Results, which align with the experimental expectations, are observed during an operation on a convective cloud precipitation when the surface mean wind speed is 1.4 m·s-1. In this case, the rainfall intensity increased rapidly from 0.3 mm·h-1 to more than 7 mm·h-1 within 3 min of operation, and large raindrops with rapid occurrence but short duration is observed. In other rainfall enhancement experimental cases, the average wind speed exceeded 3 m·s-1 during the operation period, and no clear and consistent evidence of increased rainfall is observed, which may be affected by the high wind speeds and only one single observation point.
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图 1 雾灵山顶临时试验场的位置
(方框，填色为海拔高度) (a)与仪器分布(A为架设在地面平台上的人工强声波装置，B为架设在屋顶的激光雨滴谱仪和自动气象站，C为雾滴谱仪和能见度仪观测点；蓝色箭头为消雾试验时云雾从南坡爬上山顶的方向示意，红色箭头为低频强声波装置消雾发射时的声波朝向) (b)
Fig. 1 Location of temporary experiment site on the top of Wuling Mountain
(the box, the shaded denotes altitude) (a) and placement of observation instruments (A denotes the placement of artificial strong sound wave device on the ground platform, B denotes the placement of laser disdrometer and automatic weather station on the roof, C denotes the placement of fog droplet spectrometer and visibility meter; the blue arrow denotes the fog moving direction, the red arrow denotes the direction of artificial sound wave for fog dissipation) (b)
图 3 人工强声波装置的声压级方向图
Fig. 3 Directional images of sound pressure level of artificial strong sound wave device
图 4 2020年8月23日消雾试验的能见度和雾滴谱参数
(有序号阴影区代表开机作业的顺序时段)
Fig. 4 Visibility and fog size distribution parameters during fog dissipation experiments on 23 Aug 2020
(the numbered shaded area denotes sequential operation period)
图 5 2020年8月23日4次消雾作业前后的雾滴谱
Fig. 5 Fog droplet size distribution during four fog dissipation operation periods on 23 Aug 2020
图 6 2020年8月23日消雾作时雾灵山周边地区ERA5地面风
(△为雾灵山，蓝色矢量为18：00的风，红色矢量为19：00的风)
Fig. 6 ERA5 surface wind in the surrounding area of Wuling Mountain during fog dissipation operations on 23 Aug 2020
(△ denotes Wuling Mountain, the blue vector denotes wind at 1800 BT, the red vector denotes wind at 1900 BT)
图 7 2020年消雾试验的能见度变化个例
(有序号的阴影区代表开机作业的顺序时段)
Fig. 7 Examples of visibility changes during fog dissipation experiments in 2020
(the numbered shaded area denotes sequential operation period)
图 8 2020年8月27日—9月10日21次消雾作业时段内自动气象站风速和能见度变化速度的关系
Fig. 8 Relationship between wind speed of automatic weather station and visibility change for 21 fog dissipation operations from 27 Aug to 10 Sep in 2020
图 9 2020年9月7日增雨试验的雨强和第1次作业前后的雨滴谱
(带序号阴影区代表开机作业的顺序时段)
Fig. 9 Rainfall intensity and raindrop size distribution before and after the first operations during rainfall enhancement experiments on 7 Sep 2020
(the numbered shaded area denotes sequential operation period)
图 10 2020年9月10—11日增雨试验的雨强
(具有序号的阴影区代表开机作业的顺序时段)
Fig. 10 Rainfall intensity during rainfall enhancement experiments from 10 to 11 in Sep 2020
(the numbered shaded area denotes sequential operation period)
表 1 2020年增雨试验的风速和云信息
Table 1 Information of wind and cloud during rainfall enhancement experiments in 2020
试验时段 开机次数 平均风速/(m·s-1) 云类型 09-07T15:38—16:00 4 1.4 对流云 09-10T06:54—07:20 3 3.1 层状云 09-10T08:46—10:11 9 3.3 层状云 09-11T11:23—12:03 3 3.0 层状云 09-11T16:53—17:33 3 3.6 层状云 
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