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Comprehensive Evaluation of Rainfall Enhancement of Gas Cannon in Anhui Province
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摘要: 选取2021—2023年安徽省81次燃气炮作业的双偏振天气雷达、雨量计等多源观测数据, 综合评估燃气炮作业增雨效果并分析可能机理。结果显示:在降水开始前作业个例增雨效果较好, 并伴有水平反射率因子ZH、差分反射率ZDR的增加和共极化相关系数ρhv的减少;降水开始后作业增雨效果欠佳。使用携带暖云催化剂的燃气炮作业后云体变化主要在零度层以下, 且维持时间较短;使用携带冷云催化剂的燃气炮作业后暖云区和冷云区均有明显变化, 且作业影响持续时间更长。燃气炮作业过程中雷达速度谱宽增大, 可能是作业引起气流涡旋的增加所导致。统计结果显示:增雨的显著性与作业时长呈负相关, 作业时长与ZDR增量呈负相关, 过量播撒会导致减雨;增雨的显著性与作业前影响区雨量呈负相关;增雨量与ZH、中低层风速、风切变呈正相关, 与高层风速呈负相关。Abstract: Gas cannon is a new type of equipment used for rainfall enhancement operating which comprehensively utilizes the influence of shock waves, sound waves, and catalysts to interfere with and catalyze local weather. At present, the use of gas cannons to conduct artificial weather operations in China is still in the experimental stage. Based on multi-source observations from dual-polarization weather radar, rain gauges and other equipment, the rainfall enhancement effect and the possible physical mechanism are comprehensively analyzed for 81 gas cannon operation cases in Anhui Province from 2021 to 2023. Observations of typical cases show that the effect of rainfall enhancement is better when the gas cannon is operated prior to the onset of rainfall, accompanied by an increase in the horizontal reflectivity factor ZH and the differential reflectivity ZDR, and the decrease in the co-polarization correlation coefficient ρhv. However, the effectiveness is poor when the operation is after the start of rainfall. It is observed that the cloud undergoes significant changes primarily in the sub-zero layer following the use of warm cloud catalyst, and the cloud changes rapidly but effects are short-lived. On the other hand, when a cold cloud catalyst is used, the cloud undergoes obvious changes in both the warm cloud region and the cold cloud region with a greater effecting range and longer duration of effects. This may be attributed to the impact of the cold cloud catalyst on the ice phase microphysical processes within the cloud. The increase in radar velocity spectrum width (SW) during the operation of a gas cannon may be caused by the increase in air vortex. Statistical results of hourly rainfall enhancement show that the number of cases of significant rainfall enhancement from the gas cannon is slightly higher than that of significant rainfall reduction. Among the three different types of operation timing, the rainfall enhancement effect is best for Type 2 (rainfall operation at the beginning). The significance of rainfall enhancement is negatively correlated with the duration of the operation, while the duration of the operation is negatively correlated with the increment of ZDR. Excessive sowing can lead to a reduction in rainfall. The significance of rainfall enhancement is negatively correlated with the amount of rainfall in the affected area prior to the operation. After the beginning of rainfall, the operational effectiveness of the gas cannon is poor. The rainfall enhancement is positively correlated with ZH, as well as with middle and low-level wind speed and wind shear. However, the enhancement of rainfall is negatively correlated with high-level wind speed. The high wind speed in the middle and high levels is not conducive to enhancing the rainfall through gas cannon operation. These results provide physical evidence for the effect of a gas cannon on cloud microphysical structure and rainfall.
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图 1 燃气炮作业点、S波段双偏振天气雷达和自动雨量站位置示意图
(红色圆圈为以雷达为原点的半径230 km探测范围)
Fig. 1 Locations of gas cannon operation points,S-band dual-polarization weather radars and automatic weather stations
(the red circles denote the radius of 230 km detection range with radars as centers)
图 2 影响区与下风侧向对比区构建
Fig. 2 Construction of influence zone and leeward lateral contrast zone
图 3 燃气炮(位于图中倒三角符号位置) 作业前后典型个例观测小时降水量
(填色圆圈为台站观测的小时累积降水量，填色场为距离平方反比插值结果；风羽为700 hPa风场)
Fig. 3 Observated hourly rainfall of typical cases before and after operation of the gas cannon (the inverted triangle)
(colored circles denote the hourly rainfall at stations, the shaded denotes the interpolated hourly rainfall by inverted square of distance method, the barb denotes the wind at 700 hPa)
图 4 个例1 (作业时段为2022年6月23日11:10—11:20) 作业前后双偏振雷达参量
(垂直剖面为沿700 hPa水平风方向、过作业站点的上游50 km—下游100 km的插值剖面, 下同)
Fig. 4 Dual-polarization radar parameters before and after operation of Case 1 (the operation period is from 1110 BT to 1120 BT on 23 Jun 2022)
(the vertical profile is the interpolation profile from 50 km upstream to 100 km downstream of the operation station along the horizontal wind direction at 700 hPa,similarly hereinafter)
图 5 个例2 (作业时段为2022年11月28日11:04—11:44) 作业前后双偏振雷达参量
Fig. 5 Dual-polarization radar parameters before and after operation of Case 2 (the operation period is from 1104 BT to 1144 BT on 28 Nov 2022)
图 6 个例3 (作业时段为2022年8月16日16:00—17:00) 作业前后双偏振雷达参量
Fig. 6 Dual-polarization radar parameters before and after operation of Case 3 (the operation period is from 1600 BT to 1700 BT on 16 Aug 2022)
图 7 个例1作业前后最低仰角(0.5°) PPI双偏振特征参量
(黑色竖线为作业起止时间，下同)
Fig. 7 Statistical results of dual-polarization characteristic parameters at the lowest elevation (0.5°) before and after operation of Case 1
(the black vertical lines denote the start and end time of the operations, similarly hereinafter)
图 8 个例2作业前后最低仰角(0.5°) PPI双偏振特征参量
Fig. 8 Statistical results of dual-polarization characteristic parameters at the lowest elevation (0.5°) before and after operation of Case 2
图 9 个例3作业前后最低仰角(0.5°) PPI双偏振特征参量
Fig. 9 Statistical results of dual-polarization characteristic parameters at the lowest elevation (0.5°) before and after operation of Case 3
图 10 3种不同作业时机类型个例增减雨分布
Fig. 10 Statistical results of the distribution of rain increase and decrease in 3 different types of artificial rainfall enhancement operation time
表 1 雷达回波和降水量的相关性
Table 1 Correlation between radar parameters and rainfall
变量 Δ2(ZH) S(ΔZH) Δ2(ZDR) S(ΔZDR) S(ΔR) 0.371*** 0.421*** 0.185 0.187 Δ2(R) 0.426*** 0.390*** 0.001 -0.017 作业时长 0.033 0.129 -0.206* -0.066 注：*、**和***分别代表相关系数对应的显著性水平为0.1、0.05和0.01。 
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表 2 自动雨量站统计量和风速、风切变的相关性
Table 2 Correlation between wind speed,windshear and rainfall of automatic rainfall stations
变量 S(ΔR) Δ2(R) v500/(m·s-1) 0.147 -0.203* v700/(m·s-1) 0.201* 0.045 v850/(m·s-1) 0.191* 0.034 v925/(m·s-1) 0.261** 0.024 s500_700/(m·s-1) 0.119 -0.131 s700_850/(m·s-1) 0.210* -0.010 s850_925/(m·s-1) 0.344*** 0.198* 注：*、**和***分别代表相关系数对应的显著性水平为0.1、0.05和0.01。
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