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Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics of Summer Precipitation at Xinmin, Northeast China
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摘要: 以辽宁省新民气候基准站的降水现象仪观测数据为基础, 研究我国东北地区新民夏季不同雨强及不同降雨类型的雨滴谱特征, 并与其他地区进行对比。结果表明: 新民雨强越大谱宽越宽, 雨强大于20 mm·h-1的雨滴谱谱宽接近8 mm, 降雨以小雨滴为主, 但中等雨滴对雨量的贡献最大。对流云降雨为典型的大陆型对流, 以雨滴的直径较大而数浓度较低为特点, 质量加权平均直径Dm的平均值为2.14 mm, 标准化截距lgNw的平均值为3.40。拟合的μ-Λ关系与其他地区采用PARSIVEL雨滴谱仪数据拟合的μ-Λ经验关系接近, 而与采用二维视频雨滴谱仪(2DVD)数据拟合的μ-Λ关系差异较大。与华东、华北地区相比, 东北地区新民Dm (lgNw)的平均值更大(小), 拟合的对流云降雨Z-R关系的指数更大。Abstract: Raindrop size distribution (DSD) is a basic characteristic for describing the microphysical process of rainfall. A better understanding of DSD and its variations is not only crucial for improving microphysical parameterization schemes in numerical weather forecasting models, but also important for radar quantitative precipitation estimation. It shows that DSD characteristics are not only related to geographical location, climate, terrain, and humidity, but also vary among different rainfall types and rain rate in the same region. At present, there are still some uncertainties and limitations in the understanding of microphysical characteristics of rainfall in Northeast China, and the microphysical parameterization scheme still lacks accurate description of rainfall microphysical process. Based on observations of the precipitation phenomenon instrument at Xinmin of Liaoning Province in summer, DSD characteristics of different rainfall rate classes are investigated and compared with those of other regions in China. Spectral width of DSD increases with an increase in rain rate (R). The spectral width of raindrops is close to 8 mm when R>20 mm·h-1. Small drops are predominant in rainfall of Xinmin, but moderate drops make the most significant contribution to total rainfall. Observed DSD samples are also categorized into convective and stratiform rainfall types. The convective rainfall at Xinmin has large raindrop size and low raindrop concentration. Convective rainfall can be identified as continental clusters, with average Dm and lgNw of 2.14 mm and 3.40, while average Dm and lgNw of stratiform rainfall at Xinmin are 1.23 mm and 3.30, respectively. The μ-Λ and Z-R relationships for convective and stratiform rainfall at Xinmin are thus fitted. Fitted μ-Λ relationship at Xinmin is similar to that in other regions fitted with data observed by PARSIVEL disdrometers, but different from the empirical relationship fitted from two-dimensional video raindrop spectrometers (2DVD) observations in other regions, and the difference of instruments is the main cause for the discrepancies of μ-Λ relationships. Compared with East China and North China, Xinmin rainfall has larger Dm, lower lgNw, and higher exponent value of fitted Z-R power-law relationship for convective rainfall, indicating that the radar reflectivity factor at Xinmin increases more rapidly with the increase of rain rate. Using the Z-R empirical formula fitted at Xinmin can reduce the error of radar-based quantitative precipitation estimation. Results would contribute to the understanding of microphysical characteristics of rainfall in Northeast China and the accuracy of radar quantitative precipitation estimation.
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图 1 2020年8月4日新民基本气候基准站降水现象仪观测的质量控制后的雨滴谱(a)和质量控制前后的6 min雨量(b)
Fig. 1 Raindrop size distributions after quality control(a) and 6-minute accumulated rainfall before and after quality control(b) for precipitation phenomenon instrument at Xinmin on 4 Aug 2020
图 2 不同雨强等级对雨量(实线) 和降雨时间(柱状) 的相对贡献
Fig. 2 Relative contributions of different rain intensities to accumulated rain amount (the solid line) and accumulated rain duration (the column)
图 3 不同雨强(单位：mm·h-1) 等级的平均雨滴谱
Fig. 3 Average raindrop size distribution for different rainfall intensities (unit: mm·h-1)
图 4 不同直径等级对雨滴总数浓度和雨强的相对贡献
Fig. 4 Relative contribution of different diameters to total raindrop concentration and rainfall intensity
图 5 层状云降雨和对流云降雨的Dm和lgNw发生频率
Fig. 5 Occurrence frequency of Dm and lgNw for stratiform rainfall and convective rainfall
图 7 层状云降雨和对流云降雨的Z-R散点图及拟合关系
Fig. 7 Scatter plots and fitting curves of Z-R for stratiform rainfall and convective rainfall
表 1 研究中选取的17个降雨日中两种设备的累积雨量、相对偏差和相关系数(相关系数均达到0.01显著性水平)
Table 1 Cumulative rainfall, relative deviations, and correlation coefficients of selected 17 rainfall days by two instruments (correlation coeffients passing the test of 0.01 level)
序号 降雨日 累积雨量/mm 相对偏差/% 相关系数 雨量计 降水现象仪 1 2019-07-11 28.9 27.3 -6 0.99 2 2019-07-30 47.4 38.6 -19 0.98 3 2019-08-03 111.6 93.6 -16 0.98 4 2019-08-11 46.3 41.8 -10 0.99 5 2019-08-14 68.3 51.7 -24 0.97 6 2020-08-04 60.5 51.0 -16 0.99 7 2020-08-19 62.0 43.6 -30 0.96 8 2020-08-25 78.9 60.2 -24 0.99 9 2020-08-27 46.3 32.5 -30 0.99 10 2021-07-30 28.9 31.2 8 0.96 11 2021-08-11 26.0 21.6 -17 0.96 12 2021-08-16 29.8 21.2 -29 0.94 13 2022-07-03 18.8 18.7 0 0.99 14 2022-07-07 69.6 53.1 -23 0.96 15 2022-08-13 17.1 15.4 -9 0.98 16 2023-07-09 27.6 24.9 -9 0.99 17 2023-08-22 21.4 15.1 -29 0.95 
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表 2 不同雨强等级的降雨参数及Gamma模型参数
Table 2 Precipitation parameters and Gamma model parameters for different rainfall intensities
参数 雨强/(mm·h-1) [0.1, 2) [2, 5) [5, 10) [10, 20) [20, 50) [50, 181.7) Nt/m-3 106.3 264.7 335.4 437.6 659.7 1309.0 W/(g·m-3) 0.035 0.158 0.315 0.593 1.216 2.963 Z/dBZ 22.6 31.7 37.2 41.8 47.3 53.3 Dm/mm 1.190 1.460 1.753 2.032 2.429 2.880 lgNw 3.152 3.453 3.434 3.452 3.454 3.545 μ 1.422 1.862 1.371 1.530 1.497 1.690 Λ/mm-1 4.557 4.015 3.065 2.722 2.264 1.976 N0/(m-3·mm-1) 5372.7 11009.7 5777.0 5229.7 3973.8 3821.8
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表 3 采用不同Z-R关系估测新民降雨误差统计
Table 3 Precipitation estimation error for different Z-R relationships at Xinmin
降雨类型 拟合公式 标准化平均偏差/% 标准化绝对偏差/% 对流云降雨 Z=300R1.40(经验公式)[41] 26.26 36.84 Z=733.55R1.22(北京)[9] 8.18 36.7 Z=230.85R1.34(南京)[40] 82.63 84.53 Z=180.93R1.61 (新民) 4.51 24.53 层状云降雨 Z=200R1.60(经验公式)[41] 17.71 41.53 Z=247.19R1.35(北京)[9] 14.09 35.44 Z=193.73R1.54(南京)[40] 20.86 38.94 Z=239.03R1.44 (新民) 11.49 38.22
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