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Influences of Building Slope Angle on the Initiation of Stable Upward Leader
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摘要: 建筑物斜坡角度(顶角)对上行先导的始发具有重要影响。该文基于已建立的三维变网格先导模型, 模拟斜坡型高建筑物雷击过程, 讨论斜坡角度在不同建筑物高度和雷电流峰值下, 对稳定上行先导始发的影响程度和规律。研究表明:当雷电流峰值相同时, 建筑物高度越小宽度越宽, 斜坡角度对稳定上行先导起始的影响越大, 先导始发越困难。当建筑物高度相同时, 雷电流峰值越小, 斜坡角度对稳定上行先导起始的影响越大。斜坡角度对稳定上行先导起始的影响会随着建筑物高度和雷电流峰值的增加而减小。通过将斜坡角度对稳定上行先导起始的影响作为因变量, 斜坡角度、建筑物高度以及雷电流峰值作为自变量进行多元线性回归分析, 得到对上行先导的影响程度:雷电流峰值最大, 斜坡角度次之, 建筑物高度最小。在常见的建筑物高度(100 m以下)和雷电流峰值(小于40 kA)下, 斜坡角度对稳定上行先导起始的影响不可忽略(大于23.32%), 但在建筑物高度较高(500 m以上)且雷电流峰值较大(大于100 kA)情况下, 斜坡角度对稳定上行先导起始的影响相对较小(小于15.88%)。Abstract: The slope angle (or top angle) of the building significantly influences the formation of upward leader. To simulate the lightning strike process on tall and sloping building using three-dimensional variable grid leader model, the influence of slope angle (θ) on the initiation of stable upward leaders is analyzed, focusing on various building heights (Hb) and peak values of lightning current (Ip). It can be concluded from data that, when the peak lightning current is held constant, reducing the building height and increasing the building width result in an enhanced influence of the slope angle on stable upward leader inception (η), which in turn makes it increasingly challenging to incept. When the height of building is held constant, a reduction in the peak value of lightning current enhances the influence of slope angle on the inception of stable upward leaders (η). This, in turn, makes the inception process increasingly challenging. Changes in building width have a lesser impact on the initiation of the upward leader compared to building height. As heights of buildings and peak values of lightning currents increase, the influence of slope angle on the initiation of stable upward leader becomes less significant. By conducting a multiple linear regression analysis with η as the dependent variable and slope angle (θ), building height (Hb), and peak lightning current (Ip) as independent variables. Results indicate that Ip and Hb have a significant negative effect on η, whereas θ has a positive effect on η. The degree of influence on η is as follows: Ip has the greatest influence, followed by θ, while Hb has the least influence. The influence of slope angle on the inception of stable upward leaders, represented by the parameter η, is significant for building heights below 100 m and peak lightning current values below 40 kA, with the estimated effect exceeding 23.32%. In contrast, for building heights exceeding 500 m and peak values of lightning current above 100 kA, the impact of slope angle on stable upward leader inception is relatively minimal, with an estimated effect of less than 15.88%, in the case, the distinction between the impact of sloped buildings and rectangular buildings on the inception of stable upward leader is sufficiently marginal to enable an approximate analytical approach.
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Key words:
- slope buildings;
- slope angle;
- upward leader;
- numerical simulation
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图 1 斜坡型建筑物
(a)斜坡型建筑物三维外观，(b)斜坡型建筑物侧面
Fig. 1 Slope-type buildings
(a)three-dimensional appearance of slope building,(b)side of slope building
图 2 下行先导头部距地高度和上行先导头部流注长度随时间的变化
Fig. 2 Height of downward leader head from ground and length of upward leader head streamer change with time
图 3 建筑物高度为100 m，雷电流峰值为20 kA条件下，斜坡角度对下行先导头部距地高度的影响
(灰色表示达到0.05显著性水平)
Fig. 3 Under the condition of building height of 100 m and lightning current peak of 20 kA, influence of slope angle on the height of downward leader head from ground
(the grey denotes passing the test of 0.05 level)
图 4 不同下行先导发展速度对稳定上行先导始发时间及上行先导发展速度的影响
Fig. 4 Influence of different downward leader development speeds on stable upward leader initiation time and upward leader development speed
图 5 不同下行先导发展速度对下行先导头部距地高度及上行先导始发判据的影响
Fig. 5 Influence of different downward leader development speed on height from head of downward leader to ground and initiation criterion of upward leader
图 6 雷电流峰值20 kA条件下建筑物高度和斜坡角度对η的影响
Fig. 6 Influence of building height and angle on η when peak value of lightning current is 20 kA
图 7 雷电流峰值20 kA和斜坡角度15°条件下斜坡型建筑物高度对先导起始的影响
Fig. 7 Influence of slope building height on the initiation of leader when peak value of lightning current is 20 kA and slope angle is 15°
图 9 不同雷电流峰值条件下建筑物斜坡角度对η的影响
Fig. 9 Influence of building slope angle on η under different lightning current peaks
图 10 雷电流峰值对下行先导头部距地高度的影响
Fig. 10 Influence of lightning current peak on height of downward leader head from ground
图 11 不同斜坡角度建筑物的η分布箱线图
Fig. 11 Box plot of η distribution of buildings with different slope angles
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