西藏城市大气臭氧质量浓度变化及其影响

陈熠; 郭淑政; 张田甜; 林伟立

doi:10.11898/1001-7313.20240607

西藏城市大气臭氧质量浓度变化及其影响

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20240607

陈熠^{1, 2},
郭淑政^{1, 2},
张田甜^{1, 2},
林伟立^{1, 2, ,}

1.
民族地区生态环境国家民委重点实验室(中央民族大学), 北京 100081
2.
中央民族大学生命与环境科学学院, 北京 100081

资助项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 21876214

详细信息

通信作者:
林伟立, 邮箱: linwl@muc.edu.cn

计量
- 摘要浏览量: 43
- HTML全文浏览量: 9
- PDF下载量: 16
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-07-04
- 修回日期: 2024-09-09
- 刊出日期: 2024-11-30

Variations of Ozone Concentration with Its Impacts on Cities of Xizang

Chen Yi^{1, 2},
Guo Shuzheng^{1, 2},
Zhang Tiantian^{1, 2},
Lin Weili^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081
2.
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081

摘要

摘要: 在强紫外线辐射和高臭氧(O₃)背景值下, 人为排放源集中的青藏高原城市地区大气O₃质量浓度长期变化及其潜在环境影响备受关注。该研究收集2015—2023年西藏7个城市的O₃质量浓度数据, 分析其变化趋势, 并借助13个O₃风险评价指标评估O₃对当地居民健康和生态植被的潜在威胁。结果表明:O₃质量浓度在拉萨明显高于南部的山南和日喀则, 与北部的那曲相当, 高于西部的阿里以及东部的林芝和昌都。昌都O₃峰值出现在6月, 林芝O₃峰值出现在3—4月, 其他城市则出现在5月。阿里、那曲、拉萨和林芝的O₃质量浓度呈年际波动, 山南、日喀则和昌都的O₃质量浓度呈显著上升趋势。健康与生态O₃风险指标与日间O₃质量浓度紧密相关。相比西藏其他城市, 拉萨的O₃暴露带来的影响尤为突出, 部分风险指标已突破安全阈值。在高O₃背景值基础上, 由于人为排放的不断增加, 西藏城市须采取有效的O₃预防和控制措施, 以长期维护青藏高原城市地区大气环境质量。
- 西藏;
- 城市;
- O₃;
- 健康效应;
- 生态风险
Abstract: Under the harsh environmental conditions characterized by intense ultraviolet radiation and elevated ozone (O₃) background, the temporal dynamics of atmospheric O₃ concentrations and their associated environmental ramifications in the densely populated and emission-concentrated urban regions of the Tibetan Plateau have garnered considerable scientific interest. This comprehensive study meticulously compiles O₃ concentration data spanning 2015 to 2023 from 7 cities of Xizang, conducting rigorous trend analyses and employing a robust suite of 13 risk assessment indicators to gauge the implications for human health and ecological vegetation. It shows that O₃ concentrations of these cities demonstrate significant geographical variations, with the central city of Lhasa recording the highest O₃ mass concentration, while those in the southern cities of Shannan and Rikaze are relatively lower. O₃ concentrations of Nagqu, located in the north, are comparable to those of Lhasa and are significantly higher than those of Ali in the west, as well as those of Linzhi and Changdu in the east Plateau. O₃ concentrations of Changdu and Linzhi peak in June and March-April, respectively, while the other cities reach their peaks in May. Since 2015, interannual variations in O₃ concentrations of Ali, Nagqu, Lhasa, and Linzhi do not show statistically significant trends. In contrast, Shannan, Rikaze, and Changdu experience significant increases in concentration. Specifically, AMDA8_max and AMDA8_4th in Rikaze and Changdu increase significantly, whereas the other cities show decreasing trends. Similarly, both NDGT90 and NDGT70 exhibit comparable trends. SOMO35 indicator, which indicates human health risks, and AOT40 and W126 indicators, which are closely related to ecological vegetation and crop growth, show a high degree of consistency in their trends relative to diurnal O₃ concentration changes. In Lhasa, values of these indicators exceed safety thresholds, particularly during spring and summer, highlighting the combined effect of high background O₃ concentrations in the Plateau and intensified O₃ photochemical formation due to anthropogenic emissions, posing potential threats to human health and ecosystems. Although the current O₃-related risk indicators of Rikaze and Changdu have not yet reached critical levels, their significant upward trends should not be overlooked. With the continuous rise in anthropogenic pollutant emissions in the region, adverse effects of O₃ photochemical formation are anticipated to intensify. Therefore, there is an urgent need to enhance monitoring and assessment in these cities and to implement effective measures to mitigate or control O₃ pollution, thereby safeguarding regional environmental security and promoting sustainable development.
- Xizang;
- cities;
- O₃;
- health effects;
- ecological risks

HTML全文

图 1 西藏7个城市O₃质量浓度平均年变化(a)与日变化(b)

Fig. 1 Averaged annual variation(a) and diurnal variation(b) of O₃ mass concentrations of 7 cities in Xizang

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 西藏7个城市O₃风险指标比较

Fig. 2 Comparison of O₃ exposure risk metric among 7 cities in Xizang

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 西藏7个城市的SdAVG指数季节平均变化

Fig. 3 Averaged seasonal variations in SdAVG of 7 cities in Xizang

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 西藏7个城市AOT40的季节变化

Fig. 4 Seasonal variations in AOT40 of 7 cities in Xizang

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 西藏7个城市W126的季节变化

Fig. 5 Seasonal variations in W126 of 7 cities in Xizang

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 O₃风险评价指标

Table 1 Definition of O₃ evaluation metrics

指标名称	简称	单位	主要用途	文献来源
所有小时O₃质量浓度年平均值	AAVG	μg·m^-3	环境变化	[14]
所有白天(10:00—21:59)小时O₃质量浓度年平均值	AdAVG	μg·m^-3	环境变化	[14]
不同季节所有小时O₃质量浓度平均值	SAVG	μg·m^-3	环境变化	[14]
不同季节白天(10:00—21:59)小时O₃质量浓度平均值	SdAVG	μg·m^-3	环境变化	[14]
日连续8 h平均O₃质量浓度最大值	MDA8	μg·m^-3	人体健康
日连续8 h平均O₃质量浓度年最大值	AMDA8_max	μg·m^-3	人体健康	[14]
日连续8 h O₃质量浓度年第4高值	AMDA8_4th	μg·m^-3	人体健康	[14]
日连续8 h O₃质量浓度最大值与69 μg·m^-3正差值的年总和	SOMO35	μg·m^-3·d	人体健康	[21]
日连续8 h O₃质量浓度最大值与69 μg·m^-3之间的正差值的季节总和	SSOMO35	μg·m^-3·d	人体健康	[21]
每年MDA8大于176 μg·m^-3的日数	NDGT90	d	人体健康	[14]
每年MDA8大于137 μg·m^-3的日数	NDGT70	d	人体健康	[14]
3个月内所有白天(10:00—21:59)小时O₃质量浓度与78 μg·m^-3正差值总和	AOT40	μg·m^-3·h	生态植被	[22]
3个月内所有白天(10:00—21:59)小时O₃浓度质量加权总和	W126	μg·m^-3·h	生态植被	[23]

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 西藏7个城市的年平均O₃质量浓度变化(单位：μg·m^-3)

Table 2 Variations in annual O₃ mass concentrations of 7 cities in Xizang(unit:μg·m^-3)

年份	阿里	那曲	拉萨	山南	日喀则	林芝	昌都
2015	63.3±29.2	64.8±31.7	80.1±33.1	75.2±27.4	52.3±27.8	68.0±28.8	58.4±25.1
2016	67.4±36.4	75.4±28.6	77.2±38.6	78.2±36.6	33.3±22.3	62.1±28.4	42.9±18.0
2017	64.5±33.9	84.4±33.3	73.9±31.5	73.7±31.7	46.0±21.4	69.0±29.0	89.7±31.7
2018	64.7±32.1	85.8±31.9	80.7±32.5	82.1±31.7	53.7±24.3	75.2±30.0	79.9±32.1
2019	57.2±28.4	78.8±26.8	75.8±29.8	79.3±32.5	56.6±24.3	67.6±25.3	78.6±30.2
2020	60.0±25.9	74.6±26.3	72.1±28.8	80.1±29.8	61.5±24.7	65.0±25.9	89.9±32.7
2021	66.4±27.6	74.3±25.5	73.9±27.0	80.5±29.6	72.9±31.0	62.1±25.1	96.4±30.8
2022	68.6±26.6	83.9±27.0	82.3±26.1	84.6±29.2	77.0±29.2	68.4±24.1	98.2±29.8
2023	67.8±29.0	80.5±26.8	87.2±33.1	82.7±31.2	80.3±27.8	71.9±28.0	92.5±29.2

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 西藏7个城市不同O₃指标的年变化趋势

Table 3 Annual trends in different O₃ metrics of 7 cities in Xizang

城市	AAVG/(μg·m^-3·a^-1)	AdAVG/(μg·m^-3·a^-1)	AMDA8_max/(μg·m^-3·a^-1)	AMDA8_4th/(μg·m^-3·a^-1)	SOMO35/(μg·m^-3·a^-1)	NDGT90/(d·a^-1)	NDGT70/(d·a^-1)
阿里	0.18	-0.19	-6.50^*	-0.66	-120	-0^*	-2
那曲	0.48	0.39	-1.34	-1.29	9	-0	-1
拉萨	0.30	-0.02	-2.01^*	-1.32	-30	-1	-2
山南	0.51^*	0.50^*	-1.49	-0.12	121	-0	2
日喀则	2.60^*	2.76^*	2.66	2.82^*	613^*	-0	2^*
林芝	0.09	-0.08	-2.82	-0.87	-43	-0	-1
昌都	2.76^*	3.02^*	3.53	3.56^*	731^*	1	7^*
注：* 表示达到0.05显著性水平。

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 西藏7个城市的不同季节O₃指标的变化趋势

Table 4 Trends of O₃ metrics in different seasons of 7 cities in Xizang

城市	季节	SAVG/(μg·m^-3·a^-1)	SdAVG/(μg·m^-3·a^-1)	SSOMO35/(μg·m^-3·d·a^-1)	AOT40/(μg·m^-3·h·a^-1)	W126/(μg·m^-3·h·a^-1)
阿里	春	0.13	-0.25	-34	-216	-551
	夏	-0.01	-0.37	-55	-261	-366
	秋	0.28	-0.17	-29	-157	-87
	冬	-0.06	-0.32	-45	-261	-178
那曲	春	1.34	1.34	84	729	500
	夏	-0.23	-0.36	-34	-279	-453
	秋	-0.08	-0.31	-35	-218	-169
	冬	-0.46	-0.57	-80	-484	-350
拉萨	春	0.01	-0.38	-46	-133	-614
	夏	0.07	-0.23	-26	-206	-366
	秋	0.81	0.33	24	229	195
	冬	-0.11	-0.12	-37	-189	-110
山南	春	0.62	0.69	58	776	938
	夏	0.64	0.67	44	411	519
	秋	0.48	0.35	27	258^*	169
	冬	-0.35	-0.18	-50	-261	-228
日喀则	春	2.33^*	2.41^*	211^*	1832^*	1849^*
	夏	3.00^*	3.31^*	208^*	1639^*	1686^*
	秋	2.75^*	2.79^*	145^*	777	539^*
	冬	2.07^*	2.11^*	59	278	166
林芝	春	0.16	-0.01	-6	80	-111
	夏	-0.01	-0.26	-27	-194	-215
	秋	-0.01	-0.18	-16	-112	-48
	冬	-0.38	-0.41	-51	-280	-188
昌都	春	2.56	2.75	207^*	1931^*	2370^*
	夏	3.87^*	4.26^*	338^*	3015^*	4169^*
	秋	2.55^*	2.83^*	172^*	1168^*	949
	冬	1.75	2.06	68	399	255
注：* 表示达到0.05显著性水平。

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(38)

[1]	Feng Z Z, Hu E Z, Wang X K, et al.Ground-level O₃ pollution and its impacts on food crops in China:A review. Environ Pollut, 2015, 199:42-48. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.016
[2]	徐晓斌. 我国霾和光化学污染观测研究进展. 应用气象学报, 2016, 27(5): 604-619. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20160509 Xu X B. Observational study advances of haze and photochemical pollution in China. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2016, 27(5): 604-619. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20160509
[3]	丁国安, 郑向东, 马建中, 等. 近30年大气化学和大气环境研究回顾——纪念中国气象科学研究院成立50周年. 应用气象学报, 2006, 17(6): 796-814. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/200606128 Ding G A, Zheng X D, Ma J Z, et al. Review of atmospheric chemistry and environment research work in recent 30 years-In commemoration of the 50 anniversaries of CAMS establishment. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2006, 17(6): 796-814. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/200606128
[4]	IPCC. Summary for Policymakers//Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group Ⅰ to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
[5]	Tarasick D, Galbally I E, Cooper O R, et al. Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Tropospheric ozone from 1877 to 2016, observed levels, trends and uncertainties. Elem Sci Anth, 2019, 7(1). DOI: 10.1525/elementa.376.
[6]	Vingarzan R. A review of surface ozone background levels and trends. Atmos Environ, 2004, 38(21): 3431-3442. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.030
[7]	张远航, 郑君瑜. 中国大气臭氧污染防治蓝皮书(2020年). 中国环境科学学会臭氧污染控制专业委员会, 2020. Zhang Y H, Zheng J Y. Blue Book of China's Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention and Control(2020). Ozone Pollution Control Committee of the Chinese Society for Environmental Science, 2020.
[8]	Wang T, Xue L K, Feng Z Z, et al. Ground-level ozone pollution in China: A synthesis of recent findings on influencing factors and impacts. Environ Res Lett, 2022, 17(6). DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac69fe.
[9]	Feng Z Z, De Marco A, Anav A, et al. Economic losses due to ozone impacts on human health, forest productivity and crop yield across China. Environ Int, 2019, 131. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104966.
[10]	Hua Q Y, Meng X, Gong J C, et al. Ozone exposure and cardiovascular disease: A narrative review of epidemiology evidence and underlying mechanisms. Fundam Res, 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2024.02.016.
[11]	赵平, 南素兰. 气候和气候变化领域的研究进展. 应用气象学报, 2006, 17(6): 725-735. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/200606121 Zhao P, Nan S L. Some advances in climate and climate change research. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2006, 17(6): 725-735. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/200606121
[12]	陈树, 郑向东, 林伟立, 等. 西藏当雄地基紫外线指数观测研究. 应用气象学报, 2015, 26(4): 482-491. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20150410 Chen S, Zheng X D, Lin W L, et al. Observational study on the ground-based UVI at Dangxiong of Tibet. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2015, 26(4): 482-491. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20150410
[13]	Lin W L, Zhu T, Song Y, et al. Photolysis of surface O₃ and production potential of OH radicals in the atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau. J Geophys Res, 2008, 113(D2). DOI: 10.1029/2007JD008831.
[14]	Xu X B, Lin W L, Xu W Y, et al. Long-term changes of regional ozone in China: Implications for human health and ecosystem impacts. Elem Sci Anth, 2020, 8(13): 1-27.
[15]	徐祥德, 陈联寿. 青藏高原大气科学试验研究进展. 应用气象学报, 2006, 17(6): 756-772. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/200606124 Xu X D, Chen L S. Advances of the study on Tibetan Plateau experiment of atmospheric sciences. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2006, 17(6): 756-772. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/200606124
[16]	郭蕾, 李谢辉, 刘雨亭. 城市化对川渝地区极端气候事件的影响. 应用气象学报, 2023, 34(5): 574-585. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20230506 Guo L, Li X H, Liu Y T. Impacts of urbanization on extreme climate events in Sichuan-Chongqing Region. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2023, 34(5): 574-585. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20230506
[17]	Guo S Z, Wang Y R, Zhang T T, et al. Volatile organic compounds in urban Lhasa: Variations, sources, and potential risks. Front Environ Sci, 2022, 10. DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.941100.
[18]	Ran L, Lin W L, Deji Y Z, et al. Surface gas pollutants in Lhasa, a highland city of Tibet-current levels and pollution implications. Atmos Chem Phys, 2014, 14(19): 10721-10730. doi: 10.5194/acp-14-10721-2014
[19]	Ye C X, Guo S Z, Lin W L, et al. Measurement report: Source apportionment and environmental impacts of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in Lhasa, a highland city in China. Atmos Chem Phys, 2023, 23(18): 10383-10397. doi: 10.5194/acp-23-10383-2023
[20]	Xu X B. Recent advances in studies of ozone pollution and impacts in China: A short review. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health, 2021, 19. DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2020.100225.
[21]	Lefohn A S, Malley C S, Smith L, et al. Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research. Elem Sci Anth, 2018, 6. DOI: 10.1525/elementa.279.
[22]	Lefohn A S, Malley C S, Simon H, et al. Responses of human health and vegetation exposure metrics to changes in ozone concentration distributions in the European Union, United States, and China. Atmos Environ, 2017, 152: 123-145. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.12.025
[23]	Lefohn A S, Laurence J A, Kohut R J. A comparison of indices that describe the relationship between exposure to ozone and reduction in the yield of agricultural crops. Atmos Environ, 1988, 22(6): 1229-1240. doi: 10.1016/0004-6981(88)90353-8
[24]	刘宁微, 马建中. 东亚区域对流层臭氧及其前体物的季节性关联. 应用气象学报, 2017, 28(4): 427-435. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20170404 Liu N W, Ma J Z. Seasonal relationships between tropospheric ozone and its precursors over East Asia. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2017, 28(4): 427-435. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20170404
[25]	Xu W Y, Lin W L, Xu X B, et al. Long-term trends of surface ozone and its influencing factors at the Mt Waliguan GAW station, China-Part 1: Overall trends and characteristics. Atmos Chem Phys, 2016, 16(10): 6191-6205. doi: 10.5194/acp-16-6191-2016
[26]	Zhao S P, Yu Y, Yin D Y, et al. Annual and diurnal variations of gaseous and particulate pollutants in 31 provincial capital cities based on in situ air quality monitoring data from China National Environmental Monitoring Center. Environ Int, 2016, 86: 92-106. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.11.003
[27]	Yin X F, de Foy B, Wu K P, et al. Gaseous and particulate pollutants in Lhasa, Tibet during 2013-2017: Spatial variability, temporal variations and implications. Environ Pollut, 2019, 253: 68-77. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.113
[28]	Schultz M G, Schröder S, Lyapina O, et al. Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Database and metrics data of global surface ozone observations. Elementa: Sci Anthrop, 2017, 5: 58. DOI: 10.1525/elementa.244.
[29]	Lin W L, Xu X B, Zheng X D, et al. Two-year measurements of surface ozone at Dangxiong, a remote highland site in the Tibetan Plateau. J Environ Sci, 2015, 31: 133-145. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.10.022
[30]	李邹, 林伟立, 徐晓斌, 等. 香格里拉区域大气本底站地面臭氧浓度的变化特征. 长江流域资源与环境, 2015, 24(8): 1412-1417. Li Z, Lin W L, Xu X B, et al. Characteristics of the surface ozone at Shangri-la regional atmospheric background station. Resour Environ Yangtze Basin, 2015, 24(8): 1412-1417.
[31]	Chen Y, Lin W L, Xu X B, et al. Surface ozone in southeast Tibet: Variations and implications of tropospheric ozone sink over a highland. Environ Chem, 2022, 19(5): 328-341. doi: 10.1071/EN22015
[32]	陈金秋, 施晓晖. 青藏高原-孟加拉湾大气热力差异与夏季暴雨. 应用气象学报, 2022, 33(2): 244-256. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20220210 Chen J Q, Shi X H. Possible effects of the difference in atmospheric heating between the Tibetan Plateau and the Bay of Bengal on spatiotemporal evolution of rainstorms. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2022, 33(2): 244-256. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20220210
[33]	文镓齐, 王改利, 周任然, 等. 藏东南墨脱地区季风期降水的垂直结构特征. 应用气象学报, 2023, 34(5): 562-573. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20230505 Wen J Q, Wang G L, Zhou R R, et al. Vertical structure characteristics of precipitation in Medog Area of southeastern Tibet during the monsoon period. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2023, 34(5): 562-573. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20230505
[34]	Ellingsen K, Gauss M, Van Dingenen R, et al. Global ozone and air quality: A multi-model assessment of risks to human health and crops. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss, 2008, 8(1): 2163-2223.
[35]	Chen S Y, Wang H C, Lu K D, et al. The trend of surface ozone in Beijing from 2013 to 2019: Indications of the persisting strong atmospheric oxidation capacity. Atmos Environ, 2020, 242. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117801.
[36]	黄鸿惠, 李论. 一次青藏高原低涡和西南涡同步变化过程. 应用气象学报, 2023, 34(4): 451-462. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20230406 Huang H H, Li L. A synchronous variation process of Tibetan Plateau vortex and southwest vortex. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2023, 34(4): 451-462. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20230406
[37]	UNECE. Convention on Long-range Trans-boundary Air Pollution(2010) Mapping Critical Levels for Vegetation. International Cooperative Programme on Effects of Air Pollution on Natural Vegetation and Crops. Bangor, UK: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 2010.
[38]	林佳璐, 李英, 柳龙生. 风暴-低涡影响下青藏高原一次强降水过程. 应用气象学报, 2023, 34(2): 166-178. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20230204 Lin J L, Li Y, Liu L S. A heavy precipitation process over the Tibetan Plateau under the joint effects of a tropical cyclone and vortex. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2023, 34(2): 166-178. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20230204

计量

摘要浏览量: 43
HTML全文浏览量: 9
PDF下载量: 16
被引次数: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

留言板

西藏城市大气臭氧质量浓度变化及其影响

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20240607

通信作者:
林伟立, 邮箱: linwl@muc.edu.cn

计量

Variations of Ozone Concentration with Its Impacts on Cities of Xizang

计量

目录

留言板

西藏城市大气臭氧质量浓度变化及其影响

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20240607

通信作者: 林伟立, 邮箱: linwl@muc.edu.cn

计量

出版历程

Variations of Ozone Concentration with Its Impacts on Cities of Xizang

计量

出版历程

目录

通信作者:
林伟立, 邮箱: linwl@muc.edu.cn