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Performance Test of Five-type Photosynthetic Active Radiometers
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摘要: 为认识和提高光合有效辐射 (波长为400~700 nm) 的测量精度，对国内外5种常用的光合有效辐射表的灵敏度、余弦响应、非线性、温度依赖性、光谱响应等性能进行了测试和分析。结果表明: 5种光合有效辐射表 (简称光合表) 的非线性误差均在1%以内; 3种光合表 (PAR LITE，LI-190和FS-PR) 的余弦误差均小于10%，温度系数均小于0.3%/℃，2种光合表 (TRT-5和HSC-FPH-1) 的余弦误差明显偏大，温度系数小于0.5%/℃。2种光合表 (PAR LITE和LI-190) 的光谱响应曲线接近于理想光谱，而其余3种光合表与理想光谱曲线偏离较大。在自然光下的一致性比对测量结果显示，5种光合表测量的辐射量与标准值的误差均在5%以内，但综合评价后认为，3种光合表 (PAR LITE，LI-190和FS-PR) 的性能明显优于其他2种光合表 (TRT-5和HSC-FPH-1)。该结果可为气象观测业务选型提供参考。Abstract: Photosynthetic active radiometers are used to measure the solar photosynthetic active radiation. Also, it can be turned 180°, facing down to measure the photosynthetic active radiation of the ground. When it is used outdoors, the environmental condition has impacts on the performance, which may increase the measurement error. The performances of five different types of photosynthetic active radiometers are tested, such as sensitivity, cosine response, linearity, temperature dependence, spectral sensitivity and non-stability.The non-linearity errors of five photosynthetic active radiometers are all within 1%. When the irradiance is less than 250 W·m-2, the differences of the non-linearity errors for different-type radiometers are significant. Cosine response errors gets bigger with the increase of the zenith angle (θ). When the zenith angle changes from-80° to +80°, cosine response errors of PAR LITE, LI-190 and FS-PR type radiometers are within 10%; the error of TRT-5 radiometer is within 10% just in the range of-55° to +55°; and HSC-FPH-1 is within 10% when θ is-45° to +40°. When testing the effects of temperature on photosynthetic active radiometer, the temperature coefficients of PAR LITE, LI-190 and FS-PR type radiometers are within 0.3%/℃, TRT-5 and HSC-FPH-1 type photosynthetic active radiometers are within 0.5%/℃. The wavelength range of photosynthetic active radiometer is from 400 nm to 700 nm. The ideal sensor should have clear cutoffs to light below 400 nm and above 700 nm. The spectral response of PAR LITE, LI-190 type radiometers is approximated to a horizontal line, which is closer to the ideal spectral curve. The response of FS-PR is overestimated within 400—550 nm and underestimated after that. The response of TRT-5 and HSC-FPH-1 photosynthetic active radiometers is lower than the ideal curve in the whole visible waveband. The consistency of five-type photosynthetic active radiometers with the standard value are all within 5% which is tested under solar light outside. At noon, the error is smaller as the zenith angle is small; but when the zenith angle grows bigger, the error is bigger due to the increase of cosine error. The stability for photosynthetic active radiometer in the experiment are within ±3%. Due to the limited time and samples, the stability of homemade radiometer need further test. Zero offset of photosynthetic active radiometer is very small, which could be ignored. Therefore, it is necessary to calibrate the radiometer periodically to minimize the error. The analysis and comparisons of the experiment results provide scientific basis for controlling the radiometer quality, improving the measurement accuracy and selecting instrument for meteorological observations.
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图 2 光合有效辐射表室内试验设备
Fig. 2 Test equipments indoors for photosynthetic active radiometers
图 5 2012年11月14—15日光合表夜间零偏移
(a) LI-190 39911, (b) TRT-5 710024
Fig. 5 Zero offset of photosynthetic active radiometers from 14 Nov to 15 Nov in 2012
(a) LI-190 39911, (b) TRT-5 710024
图 7 2012年10月19日各光合表与标准DMc150的百分比误差
Fig. 7 Error curves of photosynthetic active radiometer compared to DMc150 on 19 Oct 2012
表 1 光合有效辐射表型号
Table 1 Photosynthetic active radiometers of test
型号 产地 用户 LI-190 美国 国家气象计量站 PAR LITE 荷兰 锡林浩特国家气候观测台 TRT-5 中国 国家气象计量站 FS-PR 中国 国家气象计量站 HSC-FPH-1 中国 国家气象计量站 
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表 2 光合有效辐射表灵敏度测试 (单位：μV/(μmol·s-1·m-2))
Table 2 Sensitivity tests of photosynthetic active radiometers (unit:μV/(μmol·s-1·m-2))
型号 表号 2008-07-12 2010-09-13 2012-09-17 LI-190 39909 4.02 3.90 4.09 LI-190 39911 4.13 4.23 4.44 LI-190 40067 4.02 4.18 4.37 PAR LITE 060884 7.00 7.33 HSC-FPH-1 024 5.42 5.72 HSC-FPH-1 025 5.00 5.23 FS-PR 15102 9.42 FS-PR 15103 9.51 TRT-5 710022 7.47 7.98 TRT-5 710024 7.06 7.45
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表 3 温度系数测试结果 (单位：%/℃)
Table 3 The results of temperature response test (unit:%/℃)
型号 表号 温度范围/℃ [-40.0，-20.0) [-20.0，0.0) [0.0，10.0) [10.0，30.0) [30.0，50.0] HSC-FPH-1 024 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.1 -0.5 HSC-FPH-1 025 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 TRT-5 710022 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 0.01 -0.5 TRT-5 710024 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 FS-PR 15102 0.04 0.02 0.1 0.1 -0.2 FS-PR 15103 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 -0.2 LI-190 39909 0.1 -0.1 -0.02 -0.2 -0.2 PAR LITE 060884 -0.01 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2
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表 4 光合有效辐射表夜间零偏移的平均值及其标准偏差
Table 4 The average of night zero offset and its standard deviation of photosynthetic active radiometers
型号 表号 平均值/
(μmol·s-1·m-2)标准偏差 LI-190 39911 0.13 0.13 LI-190 39909 0.11 0.13 PAR LITE 090361 0.01 0.09 HSC-FPH-1 024 0.01 0.09 FS-PR 15103 0.02 0.05 FS-PR 15102 0.01 0.05 TRT-5 710024 -0.04 0.06 TRT-5 710022 0.01 0.06
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表 5 2012年10月18日3种方法测量光合有效辐射的一致性比对 (单位：W·m-2)
Table 5 Comparison results of photosynthetic active radiation using three methods on 18 Oct 2012 (unit: W·m-2)
时段 标准光谱辐射计DMc150 LI-19039911 TRT-5710024 FS-PR15102 PAR LITE060884 HSC-FPH-1024 分光总表计算 11:25—12:20 887.7 885.0 884.7 884.8 884.9 884.9 869.2 12:25—13:20 772.1 783.2 779.9 784.6 783.8 786.6 763.1 13:25—14:20 680.7 695.5 684.6 698.1 697.8 715.4 671.2 14:25—15:20 381.7 386.9 382.4 389.8 390.4 400.4 373.2
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