Characteristics of Atmospheric Ammonia at Gucheng, a Rural Site on North China Plain in Summer of 2013

Meng Zhaoyang; Xie Yulin; Jia Shihui; Zhang Rui; Lin Weili; Xu Xiaobin; Yang Wen

doi:10.11898/1001-7313.20150202

Vol.26, NO.2, 2015

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Article Navigation > Journal of Applied Meteorological Science > 2015 > 26(2): 141-150

Meng Zhaoyang, Xie Yulin, Jia Shihui, et al. Characteristics of atmospheric ammonia at gucheng, a rural site on North China Plain in summer of 2013. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2015, 26(2): 141-150. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20150202.

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Meng Zhaoyang, Xie Yulin, Jia Shihui, et al. Characteristics of atmospheric ammonia at gucheng, a rural site on North China Plain in summer of 2013. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2015, 26(2): 141-150. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20150202.

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Characteristics of Atmospheric Ammonia at Gucheng, a Rural Site on North China Plain in Summer of 2013

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20150202

1.
Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081
2.
University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083
3.
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012
4.
Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037
5.
Meteorological Observation Center of CMA, Beijing 100081

Received Date: 2014-11-04
Rev Recd Date: 2014-12-31
Publish Date: 2015-03-31

Abstract

Abstract

In-situ measurement of ambient ammonia (NH₃) and water-soluble ions in PM_2.5 is conducted at Gucheng, a rural site, from June to August in 2013. Gucheng is an integrated experiment site on ecological and meteorological observation belonging to Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences. This station is influenced by high NH₃ emissions from fertilizer use and animal production in surrounding areas. Ammonia and other trace gases are observed by DLT-100 Ammonia Analyzer and a set of commercial instruments during summer of 2013. Hourly concentrations of the water-soluble inorganic ions in PM_2.5 are also measured with the Ambient Ion Monitor (URG 9000 Series, USA). Concentrations of NH₃ at Gucheng range from 0.9×10^-9 to 862.9×10^-9, with the average of 43.9×10^-9±65.9×10^-9. In summer, high temperatures favor ammonia volatilization from fertilizer applied to the cropland. NH₃ concentrations increase sharply after fertilizer application in July for summer maize. Mean concentrations of SO₂, NO_X and O₃ are 4.3×10^-9±5.5×10^-9, 13.2×10^-9±6.8×10^-9 and 42.4×10^-9±31.5×10^-9 during the sampling period. The ammonia shows a significant diurnal variation during the sampling period. NH₃ concentration maximum occurs at 0900 BT and the minimum at 1900 BT. The sulfate, ammonium and nitrate are dominant ions in PM_2.5 with their average concentration being (20.46±13.62), (19.77±33.24) μg·m^-3 and (11.34±9.14) μg·m^-3, respectively. Ammonium shows significant positive correlations with NH₃ concentration. To understand the relationship between particulate ions and their respective precursors, sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR), nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) and ammonia conversion ratio (NHR) are investigated. SOR and NOR represent the oxidation ratio of sulfate and nitrate, and NHR represents the conversion ratio of ammonium. Higher SOR and NHR have important effects on the conversion of SO₂ to SO₄^2- and NH₃ to NH₄⁺. The dependence of inorganic PM_2.5 on NH₃ levels suggest that controlling NH₃ emission from agricultural sources could be an efficient way to reduce secondary inorganic particle pollution on North China Plain.
- NH₃;
- water-soluble ions in PM_2.5;
- ammonia conversion ratio;
- a rural site on North China Plain

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References(31)

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1 Correlation of NH₃ to NH₄⁺ in PM_2.5 in summer of 2013 at Gucheng Station

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Fig. 2 Diurnal variations of NH₃, SO₂, NO_X, NH₄⁺, SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and meteorological factors in summer of 2013 at Gucheng Station

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Fig. 3 Temporal variations of concentrations of NH₃, SO₂, NO_X, NH₄⁺, SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and meteorological factors from 7 Aug to 11 Aug in 2013 at Gucheng Station

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Fig. 4 Correlations of [NH₄⁺] to [SO₄^2-], [SO₄^2-]+[NO₃^-] and [SO₄^2-]+[NO₃^-]+[Cl^-] from 7 Aug to 11 Aug in 2013 at Gucheng Station

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Table 1 Statistics of observed gases and aerosol components from 1 Jun to 31 Aug in 2013 at Gucheng Station

统计量	气体体积分数/10^-9				水溶性离子质量浓度/(μg·m^-3)
统计量	NH₃	SO₂	NO_X	O₃	NH₄⁺	SO₄^2-	NO₃^-
平均值	43.9	4.3	13.2	42.4	19.77	20.46	11.34
最大值	862.9	73.0	67.7	149.9	340.60	116.9	109.3
最小值	0.9	0.1	2.7	1.0	1.07	3.30	1.09
标准偏差	65.9	5.5	6.8	31.5	33.24	13.62	9.14

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Table 2 Sulfur oxidation ratio, nitrogen oxidation ratio and ammonia conversion ratio in summer of 2013 at Gucheng Station

月份	硫氧化率	氮氧化率	氨转化率
6月	0.66	0.23	0.32
7月	0.79	0.25	0.30
8月	0.82	0.22	0.35

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Table 3 Correlation of sulfur oxidation ratio, nitrogen oxidation ratio and ammonia conversions ratio to meteorological factors in summer of 2013 at Gucheng Station

气象因子	硫氧化率	氮氧化率	氨转化率
相对湿度	0.44	0.31	0.39
气温	-0.29	-0.09	-0.15
太阳总辐射强度	-0.17	-0.06	-0.23

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