Vol.27, NO.2, 2016
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Article Navigation >  Journal of Applied Meteorological Science  > 2016  >  27(2): 129-139
Lou Xiaofeng, Shi Yu, Lu Guangxian. Numerical modeling of hailstorms with AGI seeding. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2016, 27(2): 129-139. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20160201.
Citation: Lou Xiaofeng, Shi Yu, Lu Guangxian. Numerical modeling of hailstorms with AGI seeding. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2016, 27(2): 129-139. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20160201.
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Numerical Modeling of Hailstorms with AgI Seeding

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20160201
  • 1.

    State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081

  • 2.

    Key Laboratory for Cloud Physics of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081

  • Received Date: 2015-07-28
  • Rev Recd Date: 2016-01-25
  • Publish Date: 2016-03-31
    Abstract
  • Cloud numerical simulations are important ways in research of hail processes and hail suppression activities. A 3-D hail model is used to simulate a hailfall case in Beijing on 10 Jun 1996. Series silver iodide (AgI) seeding simulations are designed on seeding height levels, seeding rates and starting seeding times, to get a best seeding scheme which can be used to advise outfield hail suppression operations. The 3-D hail model calculates 27 microphysical processes, which includes condensation, deposition, evaporation, collection, ice nucleation, ice multiplication, melting and freezing, auto conversions of cloud to rain, ice to graupel and graupel to hail. Seeding code is based on cloud chamber results of the mechanism of ice-forming processes by AgI which can be identified as deposition, contact freezing, condensation freezing and immersion freezing nucleation. The total nucleation activities are the sum of contributions from different nucleation modes. Humidity, temperature, cloud droplets concentration and cloud holding time are the main influence factors in AgI nucleation processes. The horizontal domain of the model is 96 km by 96 km with a constant grid increment of 1.2 km, and vertical resolution is 700 m and 20 km high. The time step is 2 s, and sounding data at 0800 BT are used as the initial.In all seeding simulations of different height levels, AgI particles start to nucleate only when they are moved to regions where air temperature is lower than-5℃. If seeding within 2.1-4.9 km height, much more ice nucleation happens, thus resulting in good hail suppression effect. The artificial ice particles make up insufficient natural ice particles. The seeding effect greatly depends on seeding amount. When the amount is less than 5×105 kg-1, hail precipitation is suppressed and rainfall is enhanced. When the amount is bigger than 1×107 kg-1, hail processes are greatly reduced and the rain processes also are weakened. For distributions of updrafts and cloud water, seeding at 12th, 15th, and 18th min, more ice nucleus is nucleated, which makes more graupel particles and better hail suppression effects than other seeding time tests. Among the series of seeding experiments, the best scheme is seeding with 5×106 kg-1 near 5 km height, at the 15th min of simulation, when hail precipitation is decreased about 60% and no much rainfall is lost.
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  • Fig. 1  Subsection of mixing ratios of water substances (cloud water in the blue contour, ice in the grey contour, graupel in the orange contour, hail in the red contour, rain water in the green contour, contour values are 0.1, 1, 2 g·kg-1) and temperature (black contour), vector of the 24th min simulation results (a) time series of simulated maximum updraft (b) and total rainfall with hail precipitation (c)

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    Fig. 2  Subsections of seeding areas at 10 different levels (the orange curve), cloud water mixing ratios (the shaded), vector, temperature (the contour, unit:℃)(a) and domain averaged AgI nucleation rates (b)

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    Fig. 3  Time series of hail precipitation amounts within 3 min simulation (a) and total hail precipitation (b) at 10 different seeding levels

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    Fig. 4  Subsections of simulation results at time point of 12 min after seeding near ground (a), 7-8 level (b), 10-11 level (c) of nucleation ice particles (the black contour, unit:L-1), natural ice particles (the red contour, unit:L-1), graupel mixing ratios (the shaded with values of 0.1, 1, 2 g·kg-1), temperature (the blue contour, unit:℃) and vector

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    Fig. 5  Time series of hailfall (a) and rainfall (b) amounts with 7 seeding rates of 5×107, 1×107, 5×106, 1×106, 5×105, 1×105, 5×104 kg-1

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    Fig. 6  Ice nucleation numbers (a), hail amount (b) and total rainfall precipitation (c) with different seeding start time

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    Fig. 7  Subsections of mixing ratios of total water substances (the shaded) and number concentrations of AgI aerosols (Naer, the blue contour) and AgI particles immersed in drops (Naim, the green contour), vector and temperature (the black contour, unit:℃)(total water substance in shaded contour with values of 1, 2, 3 g·kg-1 and 4 g·kg-1, Naer and Naim with values of 1, 10, 100 L-1 and 1000 L-1) (a) seeding time point, (b)10 min after seeding

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    Fig. 8  Time series of natural and seeded hail precipitation and rain quanotity (a), hail and graupel quantity (b)

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    Table  1  Hailfall amonts of series simulations at different seeding vertical levels

    垂直层 高度/km 降雹量/kt
    1~2 0~1.4 102
    3~4 1.4~2.8 87
    4~5 2.1~3.5 80
    5~6 2.8~4.2 75
    6~7 3.5~4.9 73
    7~8 4.2~5.6 57
    8~9 4.9~6.3 66
    9~10 5.6~7.0 87
    10~11 6.3~7.7 123
    11~12 7.0~8.4 134
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    Table  2  Hailfall amonts of series simulations with different seeding amounts

    催化剂量/kg-1 催化剂总量/g 降雹量/kt
    5×104 0.65 137
    1×105 1.29 124
    5×105 6.45 107
    1×106 12.9 75
    5×106 64.5 57
    1×107 129 31
    5×107 645 9.9
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    Table  3  Hailfall amonts of series simulations with different seeding start times

    催化开始时间/min 降雹量/kt
    36 139
    30 136
    27 134
    24 128
    21 103
    18 79
    15 51
    12 68
    9 79
    6 95
    DownLoad: Download CSV
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    • Received : 2015-07-28
    • Accepted : 2016-01-25
    • Published : 2016-03-31
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