Vol.28, NO.6, 2017
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Article Navigation >  Journal of Applied Meteorological Science  > 2017  >  28(6): 700-713
Liu Hengyi, Dong Wansheng, Zhang Yijun. The 3D spatial and temporal evolution of K process in intra-cloud flash. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2017, 28(6): 700-713. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20170606.
Citation: Liu Hengyi, Dong Wansheng, Zhang Yijun. The 3D spatial and temporal evolution of K process in intra-cloud flash. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2017, 28(6): 700-713. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20170606.
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The 3D Spatial and Temporal Evolution of K Process in Intra-cloud Flash

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20170606

  • Laboratory of Lightning Physics and Protection Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081

  • Received Date: 2017-06-02
  • Rev Recd Date: 2017-09-30
  • Publish Date: 2017-11-30
    Abstract
  • K process is a kind of discharge event in lightning. The study on evolution features of this event helps to increase understanding on the mechanism of lightning initiation and developing. 3D lightning imaging data of 3 intra-cloud flashes are used to describe and analyze spatial and temporal characteristics of K events and corresponding electric field's changing waveforms. These 3D location data are recorded by 2 VHF broadband interferometers at Conghua, Guangdong Province, in the summer of 2010, providing the developing image of lightning discharges with a temporal resolution of 5 μs and a spatial resolution better than 500 m. The VHF radiation of lightning is recorded by a high-speed oscilloscope with a sample rate of 1 GS·s-1. Both fast and slow filed change antennas are employed in two broadband interferometer systems. Their decade time constants are 1 ms and 8 s, respectively. Changing waveforms of the electric field are record by an A/D card working synchronously with the oscilloscope used to record the VHF signal of lightning.Results show that K process is a kind of fast negative breakdown discharge and can be divided into 3 stages according to the distribution of VHF radiation sources located by broadband interferometers. In the first stage, negative recoil leaders occur under the initiation position of intra-cloud lightning, progress along the path of pre-existing positive leader, heading to the initiation region of lightning. In the second stage, some negative recoil leader can progress fast in the channel established by the previous negative leader of lighting initiation stage and induce a relatively large variation of electric field on the ground. In the last stage, the negative recoil leader reactivates the channel of negative leader in lighting initiation stage and facilitates the negative breakdown at the end of existing path. Speeds of the new air breakdown processes happen at the end of existing path are generally reduced to an order of 104~105 m·s-1. The evolution speeds of 8 recoil leaders in the 3 intra-cloud lighting records are also calculated. The maximum, minimum and average value of the developing speeds of 8 recoil leaders are 3.1×107, 3.1×106 m·s-1 and 1.6×107 m·s-1, respectively. The range of K process speeds is similar with that of dart leader but slower than return stroke.
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    References(35)

  • Fig. 1  The ground electric filed change waveforms and 3D location results of intra-cloud flash case 1

    (a)fast ground filed change waveform, (b)slow ground filed change waveform, (c)heights of VHF radiation sources versus time, (d)the projection of 3D location result on X-Z plane, (e)3D layout of this cloud flash, (f)the projection on X-Y plane, (g)the projection on Y-Z plane
    (4 paths of discharges in stage A are marked in Fig. 1f, color of dots denote time, red and green diamonds signify locations of two observation sites, filed change waveforms recorded at Conghua)

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 2  3D locations of stage B in intra-cloud case 1

    (grey dots denote sources occurred before stage B)
    (a)projections of 3D location results in stage B on X-Z plane, (b)projections on X-Y plane, (c)projections on Y-Z plane

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 3  Ground electric field changes and 3D locations of stage C in intra-cloud flash case 1

    (grey dots denote sources occurred before stage C, the black arrow points to the initiation position of corresponding event)
    (a)the projection of 3D location results in stage B on X-Z plane, (b)3D layout of lightning radiation sources, (c)the projection on X-Y plane, (d)the projection on Y-Z plane

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 4  The same as in Fig. 1, but for ground electric field changes and 3D locations of stage D in intra-cloud flash case 1

    (grey dots denote sources occurred before stage D)

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 5  The same as in Fig. 1, but for the ground electric filed change waveforms and 3D locations of intra-cloud flash case 2

    (filed change waveforms are recorded at Conghua, two paths of discharges in stage A are marked in Fig. 5f, black arrow points to the initiation position of corresponding event)

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 6  The same as in Fig. 1, but for ground electric filed change waveforms and 3D locations of intra-cloud flash case 3

    (field change waveforms are recorded at triggered-lightning experiment site, four paths of discharges in stage A are marked in Fig. 6f)

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 7  Three stages of K process

    (red and blue lines denote the pre-existing paths of positive and negative leaders occurred after the initiation of lightning, the yellow line denotes the path establishing by new negative breakdown, black arrows denote the path of recoil leader, the black box denotes the initiation position of lightning)

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Table  1  Durations and velocities of 8 recoil leaders

    个例 编号 持续时间/μs 速度/(m·s-1)
    1 C1路径1 800 3.1×106
    1 C1路径2 450 2.6×107
    1 D1 140 3.1×107
    1 D4 291 2.2×107
    2 D2 160 1.5×107
    3 B1 100 1.9×107
    3 C1 50 2.2×107
    3 C2 270 8.2×106
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    • Received : 2017-06-02
    • Accepted : 2017-09-30
    • Published : 2017-11-30
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