Vol.29, NO.2, 2018
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Article Navigation >  Journal of Applied Meteorological Science  > 2018  >  29(2): 200-216
Fan Zhichao, Zhou Sheng, Wang Ling, et al. Methods of aircraft-based precipitation enhancement operation for convective-stratiform mixed clouds in autumn in Hunan Province. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2018, 29(2): 200-216. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20180207.
Citation: Fan Zhichao, Zhou Sheng, Wang Ling, et al. Methods of aircraft-based precipitation enhancement operation for convective-stratiform mixed clouds in autumn in Hunan Province. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2018, 29(2): 200-216. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20180207.
shu

Methods of Aircraft-based Precipitation Enhancement Operation for Convective-stratiform Mixed Clouds in Autumn in Hunan Province

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20180207
  • 1.

    Hunan Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Changsha 410118

  • 2.

    Key Laboratory for Cloud Physics of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081

  • 3.

    Hunan Provincial Weather Modification Office, Changsha 410118

  • 4.

    Hunan Provincial Meteorological Observatory, Changsha 410118

  • 5.

    Changsha Meteorological Bureau of Hunan Province, Changsha 410205

  • Received Date: 2017-04-21
  • Rev Recd Date: 2017-11-10
  • Publish Date: 2018-03-31
    Abstract
  • Based on ground meteorological observations at Changsha of Hunan, and the aircraft artificial precipitation enhancement operation data in autumn of recent 10 years in Hunan, some statistical analysis results on the convective-stratiform mixed clouds systems are obtained, including the distribution of precipitation, structure characteristics and the seeding method of aircraft artificial precipitation enhancement operation.Physical characteristics of typical operation weather processes are analyzed by using Doppler radar data, the numerical model GRAPES_CAMS, and meso-scale meteorological data.Paired convective clouds and the echo tracking method based on TREC algorithm are used for effect evaluation.12 macro and micro parameters are picked out as indicators of artificial precipitation enhancement operation with convective-stratiform mixed clouds, including precipitation weather situation, the main cloud system, cloud-top height, cloud-top temperature, cloud thickness, seeding layer height, seeding layer temperature, seeding layer relative humidity, radar echo intensity, vertically integrated liquid, supercooled water content, rainfall situation and so on.The best seeding time, position and catalyst amount of the artificial precipitation enhancement operation using Yun-7 aircraft and AgI catalyst are discussed.For convective-stratiform mixed clouds including precipitus stratiform clouds and cumulus clouds, the most suitable area, seeding height and catalyst dosage of the operation are summarized.In supercooled -15 to -5℃ layer of altostratus cloud, seeding catalyst could make the artificial ice crystal concentration reach 30 L-1; in supercooled -15 to -7℃ layer of cumulus cloud, static seeding catalyst makes the concentration 30 L-1 while dynamic seeding catalyst makes it 100 L-1.These operation methods achieves good results in the practice of artificial precipitation enhancement.Among more than 40 times aircraft precipitation enhancement operation practice in recent 8 years, cold cloud catalyst seeding in precipitus stratiform clouds in convective-stratiform mixed clouds system usually leads to light rain (1-10 mm); cold cloud catalyst seeding in cumulus clouds in convective-stratiform mixed clouds system usually lead to small to moderate rain (5-17 mm); another 4 operations of warm cloud catalyst seeding in relatively stable stratiform warm clouds maintaining more than 12 h only bring slight enhancement of precipitation (0.1 mm).In the future, airborne meteorological equipment should be developed for cloud physics detection, especially for the detection and study of cumulus.Based on improved performance indicators of cumulus seeding, the cloud physics concept model of cumulus cloud artificial precipitation in southern China can be gradually established.
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  • Fig. 1  GRAPES_CAMS model predicted vertically integrated total water substance(a) and satellite retrieval optical thickness(b) at 1100 BT 18 Sep 2015

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    Fig. 2  Vertical cross section of GRAPES_CAMS model predicted hydrometers along 29.18°N at 1100 BT 18 Sep 2015

    (Qc:amount of cloud water, Ni:number concentration of ice, T:temperature)

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    Fig. 3  Observed accumulated rainfall after 3 h of the aircraft precipitation enhancement operation on 18 Sep 2015

    (the black box is the the affected area of aircraft precipitation enhancement, the red circle is the seeding area of aircraft precipitation enhancement through the cumulus clouds)

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    Fig. 4  Movement changes in radar echo of seeded clouds(the red box) and contrast clouds(the blue box)

    (a)1135 BT, (b)1200 BT, (c)1218 BT

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    Fig. 5  Echo tracking of seeding area and contrast area of the aircraft precipitation enhancement operation on 18 Sep 2015   (a)1136 BT, (b)1200 BT

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    Fig. 6  Statistics of radar echo parameters in each seeding area and contrast area of the aircraft precipitation enhancement operation on 18 Sep 2015

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    Fig. 7  Radar echo changes before and after dynamical seeding operation with cumulus congestus at Yuanling on 8 Sep 2011

    (the red line is sectional position, the red circle is flight track of seeding)

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    Fig. 8  The vertical section of vertical velocity(the contour, unit:Pa·s-1) and relative humidity(the shaded) along 28.45°N at 0800 BT 8 Sep 2011

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    Table  1  Radar echo features of typical operating clouds in autumn of Changsha

    云系名称 探测日期 日降雨量/mm 14:00云量/成 14:00多普勒天气雷达回波
    产品分类 组合反射率因子/dBZ 距离高度显示/km 回波顶高/km 垂直积分液态含水量/(kg·m-2)
    鬃积雨云
    (Cbcap)    		 2010-09-05 42.5 10 主要回波 30~35 H5 dBZ≤10, H15 dBZ≤8
    H30~35 dBZ≤6    		 6~8 1
    最大回波 45 H45 dBZ为4~4.5 9 5
    蔽光层积云
    (Scop)    		 2011-09-30 15.7 10 主要回波 20~25 H5 dBZ≤11, H15 dBZ≤5.5,
    H20~25 dBZ为2~3    		 3~5 小于1
    最大回波 30 H30 dBZ为1.5~2.5 8 1
    蔽光高层云
    (Asop)    		 2011-11-30 13.4 10 主要回波 30~35 H5 dBZ≤13, H15 dBZ≤6,
    H30~35 dBZ为1~3    		 3~5 1
    最大回波 40 H40 dBZ=2.5 8 1
    透光高积云
    (Actra)    		 2011-09-26 7 主要回波 20~25 H5 dBZ≤10, H15 dBZ≤5.5,
    H20~25 dBZ为0~3    		 3~5 小于1
    最大回波 30 H30 dBZ=1.5 8 1
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  2  Macro and micro indicators of artificial precipitation enhancement operation with cumulus and convective-stratiform mixed clouds in autumn of Hunan Province

    判据 判别方法与获取途径 指标
    天气形势 天气图 高空低槽、副热带高压边缘、台风影响、中低层切变
    主要云系 卫星云图 积云、积层混合云系
    云顶高度 天气雷达 回波顶高为5~9 km
    云体厚度 天气雷达 不小于3.5 km
    云顶温度 探空、卫星云图 -25~-5℃
    催化层高度 天气雷达 4.5~6 km
    催化层温度 探空 -10~0℃
    催化层相对湿度 探空 不低于90%
    雷达回波强度 天气雷达 15~35 dBZ
    垂直积分液态水含量 天气雷达 不低于1 kg·m-2
    过冷水含量 中尺度数值模式 不低于0.05 g·kg-1
    降雨实况 中小尺度气象站网 雨区边缘、即将降雨、开始降雨
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    Table  3  Main operation parameters of artificial precipitation enhancement operation by aircraft with cumulus clouds or concective-stratiform mixed clouds of recent years in Hunan Province

    作业参数 作业过程
    20110908 20130811 20130813 20130817 20130818 20150918
    天气形势 高空低槽 副高边缘 台风外围 台风外围 台风外围 高空低槽
    主要作业云系 积层混合 积云 积层混合 积层混合 积层混合 积层混合
    雷达回波强度/dBZ 10~35 10~35 15~35 15~40 10~30 15~35
    雷达回波顶高/km 7~8 7~8 8~10 6~9 6~8 6~8
    垂直积分液态水含量/(kg·m-2) 5~10 5~10 5~10 5 5 1~5
    云顶温度/℃ -15 -20 -25 -25 -20 -15
    云体厚度/km 5 5~7 6~8 5~7 5~7 3.5~7
    过冷水含量/(g·kg-1) 0.05~1 0.05~1 0.05~0.5 0.05
    催化方式 冷云 冷云 冷云 冷、暖云 冷、暖云 冷云
    催化层高度/km 5.4~5.7 5.4~5.8 5.4 5.4 5.4 6
    催化层温度/℃ -2~-5 -3~-7 -5 -3 -3 -7
    催化层相对湿度/% 90% 90% 90% 90% 95% 95%
    作业后3 h雨量/mm 4~5 1~15 1~20 1~10 1~5 1~10
    注:表中暖云催化方式是使用ZY-1NY吸湿性焰条, 燃烧产物主要是KCl, CaCl2。
    DownLoad: Download CSV
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    • Received : 2017-04-21
    • Accepted : 2017-11-10
    • Published : 2018-03-31
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