Vol.30, NO.2, 2019
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Liu Pei, Yin Yan, Chen Qian, et al. Numerical simulation of hygroscopic seeding effects on warm convective clouds and rainfall reduction. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2019, 30(2): 211-222. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20190208.
Citation: Liu Pei, Yin Yan, Chen Qian, et al. Numerical simulation of hygroscopic seeding effects on warm convective clouds and rainfall reduction. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2019, 30(2): 211-222. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20190208.
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Numerical Simulation of Hygroscopic Seeding Effects on Warm Convective Clouds and Rainfall Reduction

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20190208
  • 1.

    Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044

  • 2.

    Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences/Key Laboratory for Cloud Physics of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081

  • Received Date: 2018-11-11
  • Rev Recd Date: 2019-01-08
  • Publish Date: 2019-03-31
    Abstract
  • With the rapid development of social economy, the frequency of various large-scale and important events is also getting higher and higher. In order to host events more smoothly, the need of society for artificial precipitation suppression technologies during major events is also urgent. Hygroscopic seeding is an important way to suppress precipitation artificially. Although previous research on artificial precipitation suppression basically confirms that the hygroscopic nuclei of smaller than 1 μm can inhibit the convective cloud precipitation, how to use it more effectively to achieve the best effect is still a difficult problem in precipitation research. In order to provide some useful theoretical references for artificial precipitation suppression operations, a two-dimensional slab-symmetric detailed spectral bin microphysical model of Tel Aviv University in Israel is used to simulate the warm shallow convective cloud and precipitation in East China at about 1600 BT on 4 September 2016. The height of the strong radar reflectivity center and the range of high radar reflectivity are basically consistent with observations. The cloud seeding experiments with hygroscopic nuclei smaller than 1 μm are conducted in order to examine sensitivities of seeding effects to seeding time, seeding height and seeding amounts of particles, respectively. Results show that the early seeding in the cloud development stage can lead to more significant effect on rainfall suppression. The earlier the seeding time is, the stronger the inhibition of the growth of large particles. As the seeding time goes backwards, the particle size segment with the most significant inhibition shifts to smaller particle size; the effect of rainfall suppression is more obvious when seeding is carried out just below the area with large supersaturation in the center of cloud. Since a large number of hygroscopic nuclei seeded here enter the supersaturation zone, they are activated to be small cloud droplets, and the cloud water conversion and collision process are suppressed. The reduction rate of ground accumulated precipitation reaches 23.3% when the seeding concentration is 350 cm-3. In addition, with the increase of seeding amounts of hygroscopic nuclei, the precipitation suppression effect is more significant, and the rain is even eliminated. Therefore, seeding hygroscopic nuclei smaller than 1 μm properly in warm shallow convective clouds can achieve expected results of reducing or eliminating rain.
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  • Fig. 1  Comparison of observed and simulated radar echo intensity vertical profiles at Hangzhou station on 4 Sep 2016

    (a)observation at 1555 BT, (b)observation at 1600 BT, (c)observation at 1617 BT, (d)simulation at the 34th minute, (e)simulation at the 39th minute (the contour denotes 0℃), (f)simulation at the 56th minute

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    Fig. 2  The maximum liquid-water mixing ratio at each height in the core area of the cloud(the white point is the location of the maximum liquid-water mixing ratio in the cloud development stage)(a) and the average ground rainfall rate(b)

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    Fig. 3  The average ground rainfall rate(a) and the droplet mass spectra of grid where liquid-water mixing ratio of natural cloud during development stage is maximum (position of white dot in Fig. 2a)(b) in sensitive experiments of different seeding time

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    Fig. 4  The average ground rainfall rate(a) and the maximum collision and collection rate of droplets in the core area of cloud(b) in sensitive experiments of different seeding height

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    Fig. 5  The maximum number concentration and mass concentration of cloud droplets in the cloud core area with the average droplet number concentration and mass concentration spectra in the horizontal center of cloud after seeding (the 18th minute of simulation) in sensitive experiments of different seeding height

    (a)maximum number concentration, (b)maximum mass concentration, (c)average number concentration spectra, (d)average mass concentration spectra

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    Fig. 6  The wind field, vapor supersaturation boundary (the solid line, relative humidity is 100%) and cloud boundary (the dotted line, the grid of cloud water mixing ratio larger than 0.01 g·kg-1 is considered to be cloud area) at the 14th minute of simulation

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    Fig. 7  The average ground rainfall rate(a) and the maximum collision and collection rate of droplets in the core area of cloud(b) in sensitive experiments of different seeding amounts

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    Fig. 8  The droplet mass spectra of grid where liquid-water mixing ratio of natural cloud during development stage is maximum (position of white dot in Fig. 2a) in sensitive experiments of different seeding amounts

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    Table  1  Natural and seeded cloud condensation nuclei spectra parameters

    模态 自然谱 播撒谱
    ni/cm-3 Ri/μm lgσi ni/cm-3 Ri/μm lgσi
    1 670 0.09 0.2 350 0.15 0.2
    2 0.046 1.7 0.3 0.245 0.5 0.4
    3 8.05×10-4 5 0.6
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    Table  2  Parameters and results of sensitive experiments

    试验 时间(积分时间) 高度/km 剂量/cm-3 总降水变化/% 雨强峰值时间(积分时间)
    C1 第13—17分钟 1.5 350 -15.7 第45分钟
    C2 第17—21分钟 1.5 350 -13.0 第44分钟
    C3 第21—25分钟 1.5 350 -7.2 第44分钟
    C4 第25—29分钟 1.5 350 -2.2 第44分钟
    C5 第13—17分钟 1.8 350 -23.3 第45分钟
    C6 第13—17分钟 2.4 350 -4.7 第44分钟
    C7 第13—17分钟 1.8 1750 -71.0 第46分钟
    C8 第13—17分钟 1.8 3500 -92.7
    C9 第13—17分钟 1.8 7000 -99.0
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    • Received : 2018-11-11
    • Accepted : 2019-01-08
    • Published : 2019-03-31
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