Impact of Crop Residue Burning on PM<sub>2.5</sub> Inorganic Components in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Surrounding Areas

Zhang Fangjian; Xu Jing; Ma Jianzhong; Kou Xingxia

doi:10.11898/1001-7313.20190407

Vol.30, NO.4, 2019

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Article Navigation > Journal of Applied Meteorological Science > 2019 > 30(4): 467-478

Zhang Fangjian, Xu Jing, Ma Jianzhong, et al. Impact of crop residue burning on PM2.5 inorganic components in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2019, 30(4): 467-478. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20190407.

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Zhang Fangjian, Xu Jing, Ma Jianzhong, et al. Impact of crop residue burning on PM_2.5 inorganic components in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2019, 30(4): 467-478. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20190407.

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Impact of Crop Residue Burning on PM_2.5 Inorganic Components in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Surrounding Areas

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20190407

1.
Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081
2.
Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089

Received Date: 2019-01-31
Rev Recd Date: 2019-04-28
Publish Date: 2019-07-31

Abstract

Abstract

Tremendous advances in atmospheric aerosol particle research have taken place in the last decade in the context of climate and global change science. Biomass burning, one of the largest sources of accumulation mode particles globally, is closely studied for its radiative, geochemical, and dynamic impacts. In addition to primary aerosols such as organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC), straw burning emits a large amount of gaseous precursor of aerosols. The transformation of these gaseous precursors to secondary aerosols is one of the important ways to the formation of heavy pollution episodes. Due to rapid economic growth and urbanization in China, crop residues are often burnt in a couple of days post harvests to prepare for planting the next season's crops. The North China Plain is a major agricultural base in China with straw burning widely in the field. Remote sensing data, ground monitoring data, meteorological data are used for analyzing effects on the haze pollution from autumn crop residue burning over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area. Results indicate that lots of heavy pollution processes are related to the pollutant transmission from the crop residue burning in surrounding regions. Emission characteristics of straw burning during the autumn harvest season (October 2014) are analyzed, using the regional chemical transport model WRF-Chem. Effects of straw burning on gaseous precursors of inorganic aerosols and their oxidation products as well as resulting changes of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in PM_2.5 are studied. It's found that during the autumn harvest season of 2014, the straw burning emissions in Henan and Shandong provinces tend to affect Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban areas under the influence of the southeast wind. A large number of VOCs emitted by straw burning lead to an increase in the concentration of major oxidants in the atmosphere which enhances the regional atmospheric oxidation capacity. When the straw burning plume carrying a large number of VOCs is mixed with the urban air mass mainly composed of fossil fuel emissions, the increase of atmospheric oxidation accelerates the oxidation process of gaseous precursors such as NO₂ and SO₂ emitted by anthropogenic sources and increases the conversion rate of sulfate and nitrate. Ammonia-rich state in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area are favorable for the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols, and straw burning intensifies the development of this process, and then results in a significant increase in the concentration of nitrate, sulfate and ammonium.
- crop residue burning;
- PM_2.5 inorganic component;
- numerical simulation

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Figures and Tables

Fig. 1 Modeling area(the blue frame) and spatial distributions of MODIS fire counts(red dots)(a), regional distribution of monthly mean CO emission load for each grid of straw burning(b) in Oct 2014

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Fig. 2 Comparison between simulated and observed SNA

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Fig. 3 Regional distributions of monthly-averaged changes of surface RO₂ and HO₂ during the daytime(0700 BT-1800 BT) due to the straw burning in Oct 2014

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Fig. 4 Regional distributions of monthly-averaged changes of surface NO_x and SO₂ due to the straw burning in Oct 2014

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Fig. 5 Regional distributions of monthly-averaged changes of surface HNO₃ and hexavalent sulfur due to the straw burning in Oct 2014

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Fig. 6 Regional distributions of monthly-averaged changes of surface SOR and NOR due to the straw burning in Oct 2014

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Fig. 7 Regional distributions of monthly-averaged SNA changes due to the straw burning in Oct 2014

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Table 1 Monthly emission statistics of major pollutants in the inner layer of the model

污染物	人为排放	秸秆燃烧排放	秸秆燃烧排放占人为排放比例/%
CO	4.9×10⁶ t	1.2×10⁵ t	2.4
SO₂	9.2×10⁵ t	0.4×10³ t	0.1
NO_x	1.03×10⁶ t	6×10³ t	0.6
VOCs	8.1×10⁹ mol	1.1×10⁹ mol	14.0
NH₃	2.52×10⁵ t	2.4×10³ t	0.9
OC	7.2×10⁴ t	3.6×10³ t	5.0
BC	5.1×10⁴ t	0.7×10³ t	1.4
PM_2.5	3.6×10⁵ t	6.3×10³ t	1.8

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Table 2 Comparison of hourly mean values of meteorological elements between simulation and observation

统计量	温度	相对湿度	风速
有效数据对	46573	46428	42157
观测平均值	287.6 K	64.1%	2.0 m·s^-1
模拟平均值	287.2 K	67.7%	3.6 m·s^-1
平均偏差	-0.48 K	3.6%	1.5 m·s^-1
归一化平均偏差	-0.002	0.057	0.7
相关系数	0.9	0.6	0.6

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Table 3 Comparison of NO₂, SO₂, PM_2.5 between simulation and observation

统计量	NO₂	SO₂	PM_2.5
有效数据对	3244	3180	3180
观测平均值/(μg·m^-3)	46.01	34.2	75.36
模拟平均值/(μg·m^-3)	44.99	46.71	77.21
平均偏差/(μg·m^-3)	-1.02	12.51	1.86
归一化平均偏差	-0.07	0.37	0.02
相关系数	0.61	0.35	0.70

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