Numerical Simulation on the Formation of Large-size Hailstones

Guo Xin; Guo Xueliang; Chen Baojun; He Hui; Ma Xincheng; Tian Ping; Zhang Xing

doi:10.11898/1001-7313.20190602

Vol.30, NO.6, 2019

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Guo Xin, Guo Xueliang, Chen Baojun, et al. Numerical simulation on the formation of large-size hailstones. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2019, 30(6): 651-664. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20190602.

Citation:

Guo Xin, Guo Xueliang, Chen Baojun, et al. Numerical simulation on the formation of large-size hailstones. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2019, 30(6): 651-664. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20190602.

Guo Xin, Guo Xueliang, Chen Baojun, et al. Numerical simulation on the formation of large-size hailstones. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2019, 30(6): 651-664. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20190602.

Citation:

Guo Xin, Guo Xueliang, Chen Baojun, et al. Numerical simulation on the formation of large-size hailstones. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2019, 30(6): 651-664. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20190602.

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Numerical Simulation on the Formation of Large-size Hailstones

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20190602

1.
College of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023
2.
Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100089
3.
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029
4.
Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081

Received Date: 2019-07-15
Rev Recd Date: 2019-10-14
Publish Date: 2019-11-30

Abstract

Abstract

Although large-size hailstones may cause damages to agriculture, human life and properties, the formation mechanism of large-size hailstones has not been completely understood. In order to further understand the formation of large-size hailstones, the three-dimensional compressible non-hydrostatic hailstorm model with hail-bin microphysics that can simulate different sizes of hailstones developed by Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, is used to investigate the formation process of a heavy hailstorm in Beijing on 16 July 2014. The observed maximum diameter of hailstones on the ground is up to 7 cm. The convection effective potential energy is 1785.3 J·kg^-1 and the moisture content is high in the lower layer and low in the upper layer, indicating that the atmosphere is strongly instable and is conducive to the formation of strong convection. The simulated hail cloud-top height is about 13 km, which is consistent with that observed by the S-band radar in Beijing. The simulated maximum updraft is up to 30 m·s^-1, indicating that the hailstorm is strong and severe. Moreover, the storm has an obvious tilting dynamic structure due to the strong wind shear at middle and upper levels, which makes the separation of falling path of hailstones and raindrops from the main updraft and causes the long duration of hailstorm. The simulated microphysical process of the hailstorm has some obvious characteristics, one of the most prominent properties is that there is an accumulation zone of high supercooled rain water with 12-16 g·kg^-1 located between -35℃—-10℃. The main process of embryos production for hailstones is the collision between cloud ice and supercooled raindrops, and the production rate may be up to 10^-2 g·kg^-1·s^-1. And the hailstone growth process strongly depends on the accretion of supercooled cloud water by hailstones, and the growth rate is the same as that of production rate of embryos of hailstones. This research shows that the supercooled rainwater accumulation zone may exist in the formation process of large hailstones in Beijing. However, the model is not able to simulate the size of hailstones up to 7 cm, the simulated maximum sizes of hailstones are usually about 2-3 cm. Causes are not clear, one important cause might be related with the melting process of hailstones in the model, and the initial atmospheric field used in the model. The issue needs to be further clarified and the microphysical processes relevant to hailstones need to be improved in the future study.
- supercooled rainwater;
- accumulation zone;
- formation of large hailstones;
- cloud model with hail-bin microphysics;
- Beijing

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References(49)

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1 Radar echo evolutions for the hailstorm in Beijing on 16 Jul 2014

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Fig. 2 Vertical distribution of radar reflectivity on 16 Jul 2014 (a)the observed at 1654 BT, (b)the simulated at the 30th minute (unit:dBZ, the arrow denotes the synthetic vector of u and w)

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Fig. 3 The simulated maximum surface rainfall intensity (R_rmax) and the maximum hailfall intensity (R_hmax)

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Fig. 4 Temporal and height distributions of horizontal maximum updraft (the red solid line) and downdraft (the blue dashed line)(unit:m·s^-1) (black solid lines for isotherm)

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图 5 冰雹云中气流的垂直剖面

(黑色线条代表云体范围，填色表示上升和下沉气流，箭头表示u，w分量的合成矢量)

Fig. 5 Vertical distributions of updraft and downdraft

(the black line denotes cloud area, colored areas denote updraft and downdraft, the arrow denotes the synthetic vector of u and w)

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Fig. 6 Temporal and height distributions of the horizontal cloud hydrometeor mixing ratios (the colored line, unit:g·kg^-1) of the simulated hailstorm (the black line denotes the isotherm, unit:℃)

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Fig. 7 Temporary variations of maximum mixing ratios of hydrometeors

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Fig. 8 Evolutions of vertical distributions of graupel (hail-bin) mixing ratios (the contour, unit:g·kg^-1) (the shaded denotes updraft, the arrow denotes synthetic vector of u and w)

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Fig. 9 Temporary variations of maximum graupel (hail-bin) mixing ratios

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Fig. 10 Temporary variations of graupel (hail-bin) quantitative concentration in the simulated domain

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Fig. 11 Temporary variations of embryos production rate(a) and growth rate of hailstones(b)

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Table 1 Characteristics of the observed and simulated hailstorms

特征参量	观测	模拟
云顶高度/km	14	13
云顶温度/℃	< -50	< -50
云底温度/℃	>20	>20
生命史/min	>60	>60
最大回波强度/dBZ	65	>65
最大上升气流速度/(m·s^-1)		30
最大降雨强度/(mm·h^-1)	50	100
地面最大冰雹尺度/cm	3.5~7	>3.5

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