Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics of Nanjing in Summer of 2015-2017

Mei Haixia; Liang Xinzhong; Zeng Mingjian; Li li; Zu Fan; Li Yutao

doi:10.11898/1001-7313.20200111

Vol.31, NO.1, 2020

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Mei Haixia, Liang Xinzhong, Zeng Mingjian, et al. Raindrop size distribution characteristics of Nanjing in summer of 2015-2017. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(1): 117-128. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200111.

Citation:

Mei Haixia, Liang Xinzhong, Zeng Mingjian, et al. Raindrop size distribution characteristics of Nanjing in summer of 2015-2017. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(1): 117-128. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200111.

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Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics of Nanjing in Summer of 2015-2017

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200111

Mei Haixia^{1,2,3
,
,},
Liang Xinzhong⁴,
Zeng Mingjian^1,2,3,
Li li⁵,
Zu Fan^1,2,3,
Li Yutao⁶

1.
Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing 210009
2.
Jiangsu Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Nanjing 210009
3.
Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing 210009
4.
Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, MD 20740, USA
5.
Nanjing Meteorological Bureau of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210019
6.
Jiangsu Meteorological Information Center, Nanjing 210009

Received Date: 2019-07-06
Rev Recd Date: 2019-09-18
Publish Date: 2020-01-31

Abstract

Abstract

It's of great significance to study features of raindrop size distribution (DSD) during different stages of the summer monsoon for understanding the precipitation mechanism, which is regarded as credible reference to improve and refine ainfall retrieval algorithms based on satellite and radar observations and the parameterization of microphysics scheme in numerical model. Characteristics of DSD during summer (June to August) of 2015-2017 are investigated using measurements from a ground-based disdrometer in Nanjing. Results show different micro and macro precipitation characteristics among three stages of summer monsoon. Precipitation before Meiyu is characterized by the highest (among the three stages) mean mass-weighted raindrop diameter, average minutely rainfall rate, and intense minutely and strong hourly rainfall occurrences. Despite generally weak convection intensity in this stage, the persistent support from large-scale synoptic conditions, sufficient condensation and the weakened influence from evaporation, breaking-up and entrainment processes are beneficial to produce large raindrops and improve precipitation efficiency. In contrast, precipitation after Meiyu is identified with the greatest frequency of large raindrop and extreme minutely rainfall occurrences. This is mainly caused by severe convective activities under hot and humid atmospheric conditions. Stronger convection is also associated with higher frequency of smaller raindrops. In pace with the northward advancement of the summer monsoon, the convection intensity enhances gradually and breaking-up processes of raindrops heighten as well, which lead to higher ratio of small-raindrop samples with the largest value during the stage after Meiyu. From many aspects of these raindrop and rainfall characteristics, convective precipitation during Meiyu is inferior comparing to that in the other two stages. However, rainfall rates are highest and raindrops are largest during stratiform precipitation due to sufficient coalescence processes under favorable synoptic forcing conditions. The concentration of small raindrops is usually high but the ratio of small raindrops is the lowest in this stage. Among three stages, the binomial relationship between the shape index and slope parameter also differ significantly, depending on the value of the shape index. Compared with Meiyu of 2009-2011, the frequency of intense rainfall occurrence and its contribution to total precipitation decrease while those for weak rainfall increase in terms of both minutely and hourly rainfall. Simultaneously, the binomial relationship of the shape index and slope parameter changes significantly as well.
- raindrop size distribution;
- rainfall characteristics;
- convective rain;
- μ-Λ relationship

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References(51)

Figures and Tables

图 1 不同时段分钟级对流降水的频率和对总降水贡献

(以0.083 mm·min^-1为间隔进行统计)

Fig. 1 Minute convective rainfall frequency and the contribution to the total precipitation in different stages

(calculated at 0.083 mm·min^-1 interval)

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 不同时段小时累积降水的频率分布

(以2 mm为间隔进行统计)

Fig. 2 Hourly rainfall frequency in different stages

(at 2 mm interval)

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图 3 不同时段降水的平均谱和拟合谱

(圆圈表示观测平均, 实线表示拟合)(a)对流降水, (b)层云降水

Fig. 3 Composite raindrop spectras of the averaged and the fitting in different stages

(the circle denotes the averaged measurement, the line denotes the fitting)(a)convective rainfall, (b)stratiform rainfall

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图 4 不同时段D_m的频率分布

(D_m以0.2 mm为间隔) (a)对流降水, (b)层云降水

Fig. 4 Frequency distribution of D_m in different stages

(calculated at 0.2 mm interval) (a)convective rainfall, (b)stratiform rainfall

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Fig. 5 Scatter plot of lgN_w versus D_m for convective rainfall and stratiform rainfall

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 6 Relationship of μ-Λ

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Table 1 Minute rainfall frequency and the contribution to the total precipitation of different rain intensity during Meiyu period

年份	降水频率/%			降水贡献/%
年份	弱降水	中等降水	强降水	弱降水	中等降水	强降水
2009—2011	75.00	11.00	14.00	24.00	15.00	61.00
2015—2017	84.28	8.42	7.30	28.30	16.11	55.59
注:弱降水、中等降水和强降水分别对应R < 0.083 mm·min^-1, 0.083 mm·min^-1≤R < 0.17 mm·min^-1, R≥0.17 mm·min^-1。

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Table 2 Hourly accumulated rainfall frequency and the contribution to the total precipitation of different rain intensity during Meiyu period

年份	降水频率/%			降水贡献/%
年份	弱降水	中等降水	强降水	弱降水	中等降水	强降水
2009—2011	82.1	11.73	6.2	25.5	32.3	42.2
2015—2017	85.9	11.08	3.0	38.8	35.4	25.9
注:弱降水、中等降水和强降水分别对应小时累积降水量小于5 mm, 大于等于5 mm且小于15 mm, 大于等于15 mm。

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Table 3 Statistic parameters of minute rainfall in different stages

时段	降水类型	样本量	样本比例/%	平均降水率/ (mm·min^-1)	累积降水量/mm	降水贡献/%
梅雨开始前	对流降水	1430	23.65	0.417	595.93	87.96
梅雨开始前	层云降水	1948	32.22	0.0258	50.41	7.44
梅雨期	对流降水	2088	13.54	0.301	628.16	67.92
梅雨期	层云降水	6585	42.70	0.0318	209.94	22.70
梅雨结束后	对流降水	1552	16.53	0.415	644.32	82.49
梅雨结束后	层云降水	3362	35.82	0.0247	83.15	10.65

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Table 4 The mean value, standard deviation and skewness of D_m and lgN_w in different stages

雨滴特征	降水类型	统计参数	梅雨开始前	梅雨期	梅雨结束后	夏季平均
D_m/mm	对流降水	平均值	1.92	1.76	1.84	1.83
		标准差	0.47	0.50	0.66	0.55
		偏度	1.68	2.97	1.6	2.06
	层云降水	平均值	1.26	1.30	1.21	1.27
		标准差	0.39	0.31	0.38	0.35
		偏度	1.02	0.44	0.66	0.59
lgN_w/(m^-3·mm^-1)	对流降水	平均值	3.73	3.79	3.84	3.79
		标准差	0.32	0.37	0.48	0.40
		偏度	-1.77	-1.45	-0.60	-0.96
	层云降水	平均值	3.49	3.46	3.56	3.49
		标准差	0.55	0.47	0.67	0.55
		偏度	0.33	0.39	0.14	0.34

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Table 5 Comparison in mean value and standard deviation of rainfall parameters among references

雨滴参数	降水类型	统计参数	浦口	文献[25]	文献[26]
D_m/mm	对流降水	平均值	1.83	1.67	1.41
	对流降水	标准差	0.55	0.32	0.24
	层云降水	平均值	1.27	1.18	1.16
	层云降水	标准差	0.35	0.31	0.27
lgN_w/(m^-3·mm^-1)	对流降水	平均值	3.79	3.91	4.37
	对流降水	标准差	0.4	0.29	0.38
	层云降水	平均值	3.49	3.57	3.78
	层云降水	标准差	0.55	0.54	0.45

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Table 6 The mean value, standard deviation of μ and Λ from different stages

雨滴参数	降水类型	统计参数	梅雨开始前	梅雨期	梅雨结束后	夏季平均
μ	对流降水	平均值	2.24	3.09	4.36	3.24
	对流降水	标准差	8.40	4.79	6.27	6.49
	层云降水	平均值	4.02	3.91	5.5	4.38
	层云降水	标准差	5.68	5.81	6.82	6.13
Λ/mm^-1	对流降水	平均值	3.23	4.29	4.96	4.2
	对流降水	标准差	2.29	3.13	4.7	3.56
	层云降水	平均值	7.36	6.55	9.21	7.43
	层云降水	标准差	7.45	5.87	9.48	7.41

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