Vol.31, NO.2, 2020
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Lü Weitao, Chen Lüwen, Ma Ying, et al. Advances of observation and study on tall-object lightning in Guangzhou over the last decade. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(2): 129-145. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20200201.
Citation: Lü Weitao, Chen Lüwen, Ma Ying, et al. Advances of observation and study on tall-object lightning in Guangzhou over the last decade. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(2): 129-145. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20200201.
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Advances of Observation and Study on Tall-object Lightning in Guangzhou over the Last Decade

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200201
  • 1.

    Laboratory of Lightning Physics and Protection Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081

  • 2.

    Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, CMA, Guangzhou 510080

  • Received Date: 2019-10-15
  • Rev Recd Date: 2019-12-27
  • Publish Date: 2020-03-31
    Abstract
  • Comparing to the ground or low-object, tall-object is more likely to reach the threshold for the initiation of leader on its top due to the distortion and enhancement of electric field, therefore tall-object is not only easier to get struck by downward lightning, but also can initiate upward lightning. A field experiment, mainly focusing on the observation of lightning flashes terminating on tall structures, has been conducted since 2009 at the Tall-Object Lightning Observatory in Guangzhou (TOLOG), which is the important part of the Field Experiment Base on Lightning Sciences, China Meteorological Administration (CMA_FEBLS). Hundreds of tall-object lightning flashes have been captured during 2009-2018.For the lightning attachment process, tall-object will play the role of "magnifier":The TOLOG high-speed optical observation discovers the connection of the downward negative leader to the lateral surface of the upward connecting leader for the first time, and shows two basic types of the leader connection behaviors during the attachment process in negative cloud-to-ground lightning; the fine structure of negative stepped leader in natural lightning at close distance is revealed by using high-speed video records; the 2D/3D propagation characteristics of downward and upward leaders are analyzed; and the striking distances of lightning flashes to tall-object with different heights are also estimated.Tall-object plays an "amplifier" role on lightning electromagnetic field:Statistical analysis of the TOLOG data show that the magnetic field peak values induced by the first return stroke of lightning flashes to objects higher than 200 m is 2.4 times of that of lightning flashes to objects lower than 200 m; the higher the tall-object is, the larger the lightning location system inferred peak current of strokes are recorded in the vicinity of the tall-object; and the numberical simulation of the tall-object on electromagnetic field of lightning return stroke also show that the height of tall-object has significant enhancing effects.Tall-object is the "hot spot" of downward and upward lightning:Attraction effects of tall-object on downward lightning can protect other objects near tall-object from lightning strikes; the upward negative lightning from the tall-object can be triggered by the return stroke, the continuing current or the discharging process in cloud of positive cloud-to-ground lightning; and in upward lightning, abrupt extension is found at the positive end of the recoil leader which propagates bidirectionally.Using data of the TOLOG, the detection efficiency, the location error and the systematic bias of lightning location systems in Guangdong are evaluated, showing that the observation area of the TOLOG can be used as a "calibration field" for ground-based or space-based lightning monitoring system.
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    References(80)

  • Fig. 1  The observation room at the TOLOG main station (taken on 13 Jul 2018)

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    Fig. 2  Location of six observation stations of the TOLOG and tall-objects listed in Table 1

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 3  High-speed video examples of the "tip-to-lateral" connection behavior of leaders during lightning attachment process

    (from Reference [8], all the images are inverted for a better view)

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 4  Image examples of "tip-to-lateral" connection of leaders (arrows denote the location of junction points, Fig. 4a-Fig. 4e are inverted for a better view)

    (a)F1103, (b)F1243, (c)F1248, (d)F1258, (e)F1422, (f)F1443

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 5  Relative change rates of arithmetic mean value of stroke density(a) and flash density(b) in the vicinity of the Canton Tower as a function of distance (from Reference [23])

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 6  Locations of tall-object lightning flashes obtained at the TOLOG during 2015-2017

    (points without numbers mean one flash)

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    Fig. 7  The scenario of a positive cloud-to-ground flash and three upward flashes triggered by the positive flash

    (+ denotes positive charge, - denotes negative charge, ▲ is the ground termination point of positive cloud-to-ground flash reported by the lightning location system, arrows denote directions of channels extension)(from Reference [27])

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Table  1  Eight tall-objects higher than 300 m in the south-east field of view of the TOLOG main station

    建筑物编号 建筑物名称 高度/m 建成时间
    A 广州塔 600* 2009年
    B 广州周大福金融中心，又称广州东塔 530 2014年
    C 广州国际金融中心，又称广州西塔 440 2009年
    D 广晟国际大厦 360 2011年
    E 环球都会广场 318 2014年
    F 珠江城大厦 310 2010年
    G 越秀金融大厦 310 2013年
    H 利通广场 303 2010年
    注：*广州塔高度2009年为610 m，2009年以后降为600 m。
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  2  Instruments installed at each observation station of the TOLOG

    TOLOG观测点 建成时间 设备信息
    主观测点(观测点1) 2009年 5套高速摄像机(不同帧率、不同视野)
    2套LAPOS(不同灵敏度)
    2台TLCI
    2台LCI
    4部单反相机(不同视野、不同曝光参数)
    1套雷声探测麦克风阵列
    1部大气平均电场仪
    3套快天线电场变化仪(不同量程)
    3套慢天线电场变化仪(不同量程)
    1个闪电低频电场变化探测阵列子站
    4套闪电磁场变化测量仪(不同量程)
    2套先导电流测量仪(不同量程)
    观测点2 2011年 2套LCI(不同视野)
    观测点3 2017年 1套TLCI，1套LCI
    观测点4 2017年 1套TLCI
    观测点5 2019年 1套LCI
    观测点6 2019年 1套LCI
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  3  Numbers of lightning flashes to tall-objects higher than 300 m obtained at the TOLOG during 2009-2018

    年份 建筑物编号
    A B C D E F G H
    2009 3 2
    2010 1 0 0 2
    2011 1 2 1 0 0
    2012 6 5 6 0 0
    2013 4 1 0 0 0 1
    2014 4 9 2 2 0 2 2 1
    2015 13 8 0 0 1 1 0 1
    2016 71 9 4 8 0 0 1 4
    2017 44 8 0 1 0 1 0 0
    2018 33 10 2 4 0 0 0 2
    合计 180 44 18 22 1 4 3 11
    DownLoad: Download CSV
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    • Received : 2019-10-15
    • Accepted : 2019-12-27
    • Published : 2020-03-31
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