Impact of Arctic Extreme Cyclones on Cold Spells in China During Early 2015

Zhang Lin; Lü Junmei; Junmei Ding

doi:10.11898/1001-7313.20200306

Vol.31, NO.3, 2020

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Zhang Lin, Lü Junmei, Junmei Ding. Impact of Arctic extreme cyclones on cold spells in China during early 2015. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(3): 315-327. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200306.

Citation:

Zhang Lin, Lü Junmei, Junmei Ding. Impact of Arctic extreme cyclones on cold spells in China during early 2015. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(3): 315-327. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200306.

Zhang Lin, Lü Junmei, Junmei Ding. Impact of Arctic extreme cyclones on cold spells in China during early 2015. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(3): 315-327. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200306.

Citation:

Zhang Lin, Lü Junmei, Junmei Ding. Impact of Arctic extreme cyclones on cold spells in China during early 2015. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(3): 315-327. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200306.

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Impact of Arctic Extreme Cyclones on Cold Spells in China During Early 2015

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200306

State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081

Received Date: 2019-11-04
Rev Recd Date: 2020-02-28
Publish Date: 2020-05-31

Abstract

Abstract

Extreme cyclones entering the Arctic from the mid-high latitude North Atlantic can cause anomalous warming in the Arctic region, which is closely related to extreme weather in mid-high latitudes and is very harmful. However, there are few studies on the impact of extreme cyclones upon weather and climate in China. Physical processes and mechanisms of two extreme cyclones (C1 and C2) affecting cold spells in China during January and February of 2015 are explored, ERA-Interim reanalysis data and observations from China meteorological stations are used. Results show that extreme cyclones occur on the mid-high latitude North Atlantic and meanwhile the anomalous warming appears near the extreme cyclones center in the lower and upper atmosphere. When extreme cyclones move northward, circulations in mid-high latitudes are shown as the formation and maintenance of Ural Blocking and the break-up of the polar vortex. Then the mid-high latitude trough deepens and moves southward over China, and the cold air intrudes southward into China driven by the northerly flow behind the trough, which results in cold weather occurring in China. Furthermore, the mechanism of the apparent adjustment in the polar vortex and general circulation are explored. It shows that the anomalous warming accompanied by extreme cyclones promotes the development of the mid-high latitude troughs and ridges through the energy dispersion of anomalous Rossby waves. In addition, comparison analysis in terms of their occurrence and track shows that there are significant differences between C1 and C2. Compared with C2, C1 occurs in higher latitudes and has an eastward track. Because of these differences, anomalous Rossby waves of C1 are divided into two branches which disperse energy upstream along high latitude and middle latitude, but C2 only has one branch of the anomalous Rossby wave dispersing upstream along the mid-latitude westerlies. Due to the discrepancy of anomalous Rossby waves between C1 and C2, adjustments of circulation in two events are different. Affected by these factors, C1 corresponds to a wider range of cold weather, and under effects of a little trough the duration of 5 d is longer than C2's which only lasts for 3 d. Cold spells corresponding with C2 only affects Northeast China, but apparently its intensity is slightly stronger than C1's. These results indicate that extreme cyclones are one of the important causes of cold spells in China. It also should be pointed out that more extreme cyclone events will be analyzed to draw more definite conclusions in future and provide a new reference for forecasting cold spells in China.
- extreme cyclones;
- Arctic;
- polar vortex;
- winter weather;
- cold spells

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References(50)

Figures and Tables

图 1 中国1429个地面观测站分布

Fig. 1 Distribution of 1429 meteorological ground stations in China

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图 2 2015年1月18日(a)、20日(b)、22日(c)和25日(d)C1的移动路径(黑色点表示历史路径，黄色三角形表示当日位置)、850 hPa温度距平(填色)和平均海平面气压距平场(等值线，单位：hPa，实线为正，虚线为负，间隔5 hPa)

Fig. 2 Track of C1(black dots represent historic track and the yellow triangle represents the center location on the date) and distribution of 850 hPa temperature anomalies(the shaded) and mean sea level pressure anomalies (the contour, unit:hPa, solid and dashed lines denote positive and negative values with interval of 5 hPa, respectively) on 18 Jan(a), 20 Jan(b), 22 Jan(c) and 25 Jan(d) in 2015

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图 3 2015年1月18日(a)、22日(b)、24日(c)和26日(d)500 hPa温度距平场(填色)和高度场(等值线，单位：dagpm，棕色线表示脊线，“D”表示极涡中心)

Fig. 3 Distribution of 500 hPa temperature anomalies(the shaded) and geopotential height (the contour, unit:dagpm, brown line represents ridge-line, "D" represents polar vortex center) on 18 Jan(a), 22 Jan(b), 24 Jan(c) and 26 Jan(d) in 2015

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图 4 2015年1月18日(a)、21日(b)、24日(c)和26日(d)300 hPa Rossby波活动通量的距平场(箭头)及散度距平场(填色)和500 hPa高度场(等值线，单位：dagpm)

Fig. 4 Distribution of Rossby wave activity flux anomalies at 300 hPa(the arrow, unit:m²·s^-2) with its divergence anomalies(the shaded) and 500 hPa geopotential height(the contour) on 18 Jan(a), 21 Jan(b), 24 Jan(c) and 26 Jan(d) in 2015

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图 5 2015年1月27日(a)、28日(b)、29日(c)和30日(d)全国气温距平分布

(黑色点表示达到寒潮标准的观测站)

Fig. 5 Distribution of temperature anomalies on 27 Jan(a), 28 Jan(b), 29 Jan(c) and 30 Jan(d) in 2015

(black dots represent stations reaching standard for cold spells)

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图 6 2015年1月25日(a)和27日(b)整层(地面至300 hPa)积分水汽通量散度(填色，单位：10^-4 kg·m^-2·s^-1)，海平面气压距平场(等值线，单位：hPa)和850 hPa风场(箭头)(阴影区为青藏高原)

Fig. 6 Vertically integrated(surface to 300 hPa) moisture flux divergence(the shaded, unit:10^-4 kg·m^-2·s^-1), mean sea level pressure anomalies(the contour, unit:hPa) and 850 hPa wind field(the arrow, the gray shading represents the Tibet Plateau) on 25 Jan(a) and 27 Jan(b) in 2015

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图 7 同图 2，但为2015年1月31日(a)和2月2日(b)、4日(c)、7日(d)的C2

Fig. 7 The same as in Fig. 2, but for C2 on 31 Jan(a), 2 Feb(b), 4 Feb(c) and 7 Feb(d) in 2015

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图 8 同图 3，但为2015年1月31日(a)和2月3日(b)、5日(c)、7日(d)的C2

Fig. 8 The same as in Fig. 3, but for C2 on 31 Jan(a), 3 Feb(b), 5 Feb(c) and 7 Feb(d) in 2015

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图 9 同图 4，但为2015年1月31日(a)和2月3日(b)、6日(c)、8日(d)的C2

Fig. 9 The same as in Fig. 4, but for C2 on 31 Jan(a), 3 Feb(b), 6 Feb(c) and 8 Feb(d) in 2015

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 同图 5，但为2015年2月7日(a)和8日(b)的C2

Fig. 10 The same as in Fig. 5, but for C2 on 7 Feb(a) and 8 Feb(b) in 2015

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

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