| 性能指标 | 参数 |
| 工作体制 | 一维电子相控扫描 |
| 最大探测距离 | 42 km |
| 测速范围(单PRF) | ±26 m·s-1 |
| 体扫模式 | 水平：0~360°， 垂直: 0~30° (17层等间隔) |
| 极化方式 | 水平、垂直双极化 |
| 波束宽度H/V | 3.6°/1.8° |
| 发射机峰值功率 | 256 W |
| 脉冲宽度 | 20 μs |
| 脉冲重复频率 | 400~4000 Hz |
| 灵敏度 | 110 dBm(@1 MHz) |
| 噪声系数 | ≤3.3 dB |
| 动态范围 | ≥85 dB |
| 径向最大分辨率 | 30 m |
| Citation: | Fu Peiling, Hu Dongming, Huang Hao, et al. Observation of a tornado event in outside-region of Typhoon Mangkhut by X-band polarimetric phased array radar in 2018. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(6): 706-718. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200606.
|
It is well realized that the phased array radar provides fine information for meso-scale weather system, e.g., tornados. The detecting capability of Guangzhou X-band polarimetric phased array radar for severe storms is investigated, focusing on a violent tornado induced by a miniature supercell in the outer rain band of typhoon Mangkhut near Foshan on 17 September 2018 after Mangkhut's landfall. The rare complete typical tornado is captured, which is of category 2 on the enhanced Fujita scale (EF2), and it lasts for 23 minutes and causes great national economy loss.The structure, evolution and environmental conditions of the tornadic miniature supercell are discussed based on coastal Doppler S-band radar measurements. Environment conditions in the outer rain band are consistent with those of typhoon tornadoes in previous studies, with moderate convection effective potential energy and large shear below 3 km. S-band radar analysis indicate that this tornadic, miniature supercell exhibits characteristics similar to those found in landfalling hurricanes, including a hook echo, a small and shallow mesocyclone, and a relative long lifespan (~3 h).However, limited by beam blockage and resolution, further tornadic features are only observed by Guangzhou X-band polarimetric phased array radar. With the strengthening of inflow from right rear of the miniature supercell, hook echo is formed when the tornado occurs in the shallow and strong mesocyclone with the depth below the height of 2-3 km. It touches down when its parent circulation reaches its peak intensity of about 21 m·s-1. Along with intensifying of strength and contraction of couplet diameter, the height of the rotation declines below 1 km and characteristics of tornado vortex signature (TVS) are detected. The echo eye of weak echo region indicating the tornado eye is first observed. The X-band phased array radar shows great advantage in tornado observation, capturing some key characteristics of tornado evolution: Continually declining strong meso-cyclone and the appearance of TVS. The strengthening and deepening of TVS and the appearance of weak echo eye is highly likely to indicate the increase of tornado intensity. Data observed in the experiment and the preliminary results will be used in studies of tornado mechanism.
Fig. 1 Composite reflectivity and track of typhoon Mangkhut at 0930 BT 17 Sep 2018
black rectangle indicates the region where tornado occurred, tropical cyclone symbols are marked with time and minimum pressure, the red tropical cyclone symbol is at 0900 BT, with the straight distance of 447 km to mesocyclone at 0942 BT
Fig. 3 Radar reflectivity at 1.5° elevation angle from Guangzhou Doppler radar during 0912-0942 BT on 17 Sep 2018
the position of EF2 tornado is indicated by black ×
Fig. 4 Ground-relative radial velocities at 1.5° elevation angle from Guangzhou Doppler radar during 0912-0942 BT on 17 Sep 2018
the position of EF2 tornado is indicated by black ×
Fig. 5 Radar reflectivity at 0.9° elevation angle from Guangzhou phased array radar during 0931-0948 BT on 17 Sep 2018
the position of EF2 tornado is indicated by black ×
Fig. 6 Radar reflectivity at 0.9° elevation angle from Guangzhou phased array radar during 0940-0946 BT on 17 Sep 2018
the position of EF2 tornado is indicated by black ×
Fig. 7 Ground-relative radial velocities at 0.9°, 2.7° and 4.5° elevation angles from Guangzhou phased array radar during 0940-0946 BT on 17 Sep 2018
the position of EF2 tornado is indicated by black ×
Fig. 8 Time-height profiles of rotational velocity(unit:m·s-1), couplet diameter(unit:km) and rotational velocity versus couplet diameter(unit:m·s-1·km-1) for the tornado-producing mesocyclone(0900-1000 BT on 17 Sep 2018)
tornado presence through visual and damage track records is indicated by the black line, EF2 tornado is indicated by black dot
Fig. 9 Measurements of Guangzhou phased array radar at 0.9° elevation angle at 094423 BT 17 Sep 2018
Table 1 Parameters of Guangzhou phased array radar
| 性能指标 | 参数 |
| 工作体制 | 一维电子相控扫描 |
| 最大探测距离 | 42 km |
| 测速范围(单PRF) | ±26 m·s-1 |
| 体扫模式 | 水平：0~360°， 垂直: 0~30° (17层等间隔) |
| 极化方式 | 水平、垂直双极化 |
| 波束宽度H/V | 3.6°/1.8° |
| 发射机峰值功率 | 256 W |
| 脉冲宽度 | 20 μs |
| 脉冲重复频率 | 400~4000 Hz |
| 灵敏度 | 110 dBm(@1 MHz) |
| 噪声系数 | ≤3.3 dB |
| 动态范围 | ≥85 dB |
| 径向最大分辨率 | 30 m |
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Figures(9) / Tables(1)
