Vol.32, NO.3, 2021
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Article Navigation >  Journal of Applied Meteorological Science  > 2021  >  32(3): 272-288
Gao Shuanzhu, Zhang Shengjun, Lü Xinyan, et al. Circulation characteristics and thermal and dynamic conditions 48 hours before typhoon formation in South China Sea. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(3): 272-288. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20210302.
Citation: Gao Shuanzhu, Zhang Shengjun, Lü Xinyan, et al. Circulation characteristics and thermal and dynamic conditions 48 hours before typhoon formation in South China Sea. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(3): 272-288. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20210302.
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Circulation Characteristics and Thermal and Dynamic Conditions 48 Hours Before Typhoon Formation in the South China Sea

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210302
  • 1.

    National Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081

  • 2.

    State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081

  • Received Date: 2021-01-28
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-03-10
  • Publish Date: 2021-05-31
    Abstract
  • Based on the tropical cyclone best track data from Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration and the geostationary infrared satellite cloud image from April to November during 1979-2019, 189 typhoons formed in the South China Sea are selected as target cases. The circulation characteristics, dynamic and thermal conditions from 48 hours before typhoon formation to the time of typhoon generation are analyzed using the reanalysis data of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) with 1°×1° grid. The results indicate that the typhoon in the South China Sea is formed in a large range of tropical ocean with high surface temperature, high water vapor content and unstable stratification. The development of deep convection and its distance to the tropical disturbance center can be used as an observation criterion for whether the tropical disturbance can develop into typhoon in the next 48 hours. Intertropical convergence is the dominant background circulation of typhoon formation in the South China Sea, and south-west monsoon or easterly wave are also main large-scale circulation. The center of typhoon disturbance is often in the transition zone of the vertical shear, where the vertical shear of the north side of the disturbance becomes smaller and the vertical shear of the south side becomes larger. Sometimes the disturbance center is slightly inclined to the weak vertical shear center. As a whole, there is no significant correlation between wind vertical shear and typhoon disturbance development. The center of tropical disturbance generally coincides with the center of vertical vorticity, and the center of vertical vorticity could be considered as a physical quantity representing the strength of disturbance itself. Furthermore, it is difficult to define the development of the vertical vorticity as an indicator to characterize the development trend of disturbance, while the Okubo-Weiss (OW) index is a good indicator for the development of disturbance and the determination of the disturbance location. In the process of typhoon disturbance development, there is a potential vortex column running through the whole troposphere near the disturbance center. Within the potential vortex column near the disturbance center, the interaction between lower disturbance and the potential vortex in middle and low layer is beneficial to the development of typhoon disturbance.
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    References(44)

  • Fig. 1  The inter-annual variation(a) and monthly variation(b) of the number of typhoon in the South China Sea

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    Fig. 2  The infrared cloud image of geostationary satellite GMS at 0800 BT 23 Sep 2002 for Typhoon Mekkhala(a) and the infrared cloud image of geostationary satellite GOE at 0200 BT 9 Jun 2004 for Typhoon Chanthu(b) in the South China Sea 48 hours before typhoon formation

    ( denotes the center of tropical disturbance, the circle with diameter 1.5 degree denotes the area of vast deep convection closest to the disturbance center)

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    Fig. 3  The spatial distribution of the first 3 eigenvectors of wind field near the disturbance center at 850 hPa and 200 hPa 48 hours before typhoon formation in the South China Sea

    ( denotes the disturbance center)

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    Fig. 4  The sea surface temperature(the contour, unit:℃, the red one is 26.5℃) and the convective potential energy(the shaded) 48 hours before typhoon formation for Typhoon Haima in 2011(a) and Typhoon Haitang in 2011(b) in the South China Sea

    (the solid circle and red connector denotes the disturbance track inner 48 hours prior to typhoon formation, the black solid circle denotes the position of disturbance center at 48 hours before typhoon formation, the typhoon symbol is the location for typhoon formation)

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    Fig. 5  The box diagram for the time evolution of the sea surface temperature(a) and convective potential energy(b) of the disturbance center inner 48 hours prior to typhoon formation with the box diagram for the water vapor content of the disturbance center from sea-level surface to 300 hPa along the track of the disturbance 48 hours before typhoon formation(c) and at the time of typhoon formation(d)

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    Fig. 6  The atmospheric precipitable water(the shaded) and relative humidity at 600 hPa(the contour, unit:%) 48 hours before typhoon formation(a) and the time of typhoon formation(b) for Typhoon Haima in 2011(the others same as in Fig. 4)

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    Fig. 7  The streamline at 850 hPa(the black) and 200 hPa(the green) 48 hours before typhoon formation for Typhoon Haima in 2011(a), the streamline of the wind vertical shear and the wind shear amplitude(the shaded) between 200 hPa and 850 hPa 48 hours before typhoon formation for Typhoon Haima in 2011(b), the streamline of the wind vertical shear(black line) and the wind shear amplitude(the shaded) between 200 hPa and 850 hPa 48 hours before typhoon formation for Typhoon Herbert in 1980(c)

    (the others same as in Fig. 4)

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    Fig. 8  The box diagram for the wind shear amplitude change near the disturbance center inner 48 hours prior to typhoon formation(a) and the box diagram for the wind shear amplitude near the disturbance center along the track of the disturbance 48 hours before typhoon formation(b)

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    Fig. 9  The box diagram for the vertical vorticity change of the disturbance center at 850 hPa inner 48 hours prior to typhoon formation(a) and the disturbance center at 850 hPa along the track of the disturbance 48 hours before typhoon formation(b)

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    Fig. 10  The box diagram for the time evolution of OW index of the disturbance center at 850 hPa(a) and 500 hPa(b) inner 48 hours prior to typhoon formation with the change of OW index of the disturbance center along the track of the disturbance 48 hours before typhoon formation at 850 hPa(c) and 500 hPa(d)

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    Fig. 11  The zonal distribution of potential vortices(unit:10-6 m2·K·s-1·kg-1) and the vertical velocity(unit:Pa·s-1) on the isobaric surface of the disturbance center during typhoon formation at the time of 48 hours before typhoon formation and the time of typhoon formation

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    Fig. 12  The zonal distribution of the vertical velocity on the isobaric surface of the disturbance center during typhoon formation at the time of 48 hours before typhoon formation(a) and the time of typhoon formation(b) of 30 typhoon cases

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    Table  1  The variance contribution and the cumulative variance contribution of the first 8 eigenvectors of combined EOF analysis of u and v at 850 hPa and 200 hPa 48 hours before typhoon formation in the South China Sea

    贡献率 特征向量
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
    方差贡献率/% 57.2 9.2 5.4 3.2 2.5 1.6 1.4 1.1
    累计方差贡献率/% 57.2 66.4 71.8 75.0 77.5 79.1 80.5 81.6
    DownLoad: Download CSV
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    • Received : 2021-01-28
    • Accepted : 2021-03-10
    • Published : 2021-05-31
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