Bai Qinfeng, Wang Jinghong, Li Hualong, et al. Freezing injury indicator of tasty kiwifruit during overwintering period. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(4): 504-512. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20210411.
Citation: Bai Qinfeng, Wang Jinghong, Li Hualong, et al. Freezing injury indicator of tasty kiwifruit during overwintering period. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(4): 504-512. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20210411.

Freezing Injury Indicator of Tasty Kiwifruit During Overwintering Period

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210411
  • Received Date: 2021-04-02
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-05-25
  • Publish Date: 2021-07-31
  • China has the largest artificial planting area of kiwifruit, of which 67% is tasty kiwifruit. Tasty kiwifruit is mainly distributed in the north foot of Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province (about 40% of the national kiwifruit industry scale), and Funiu Mountain and Tongbai Mountain in Henan Province (about 20% of the national kiwifruit industry scale). These two producing areas locate in the northern edge of China's kiwifruit planting area, where the risk of overwintering freezing injury is high to cause great economic losses to fruit farmers. Therefore, it is especially important to study the freezing injury indicator of tasty kiwifruit for the introduction and expansion of tasty kiwifruit, disaster prevention and mitigation, and stable development of the industry.Through disaster investigation, expert interview, data research and other methods, 7 large-scale freezing injury cases of tasty kiwifruit in 1991, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2015 and 2020 are selected. The disaster cases of four counties, namely Huyi, Zhouzhi, Meixian and Tongbai are used as samples. The critical occurrence indicator of the overwintering freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit is determined as -8.0 ℃. The low temperature indicator (TD) of mild, moderate and severe freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit are determined as follows: -12.0 ℃ < TD ≤ -8.0 ℃, -15.0 ℃ < TD ≤ -12.0 ℃, and TD ≤ -15.0 ℃. Four factors are defined as: Winter minimum temperature (X1), days of low temperature below -8.0 ℃ (X2), absolute value of negative accumulated temperature below -8 ℃ (X3), and process harmful accumulated cold below -8 ℃ (X4). Using principal component analysis and K-means clustering analysis, the comprehensive indicator (Ih) of tasty kiwifruit overwintering freezing injury is constructed, and the ranges of Ih for different levels of freezing injury are as follows: -2.08 < Ih ≤ 0.82 for mild freezing injury, 0.82 < Ih ≤ 2.15 for moderate freezing injury, and Ih>2.15 for severe freezing injury. The indicators mentioned above are verified by the freezing injury cases of tasty kiwifruit in Changan, Wugong and Xixia counties. The results show that low temperature indicators and comprehensive indicators of overwintering freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit are basically consistent with the actual situation. The results can support the prevention and evaluation of the freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit during overwintering period, and also can provide reference for industrial layout optimization and introduction of tasty kiwifruit in China.
  • Table  1  Geography and climate in main cultivation counties of tasty kiwifruit

    栽培县 地理位置 海拔/m 11月—次年2月最低气温/℃
    鄠邑 34.1°N, 108.6°E 411.0 -14.5
    周至 34.1°N, 108.2°E 436.0 -14.3
    眉县 34.3°N, 107.7°E 517.6 -16.1
    长安 34.1°N, 108.9°E 445.0 -17.4
    武功 34.3°N, 108.2°E 471.0 -17.7
    桐柏 32.4°N, 113.4°E 153.0 -16.8
    西峡 33.3°N, 111.5°E 250.3 -11.5
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  2  Minimum temperatures and damage rates of overwintering freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit

    越冬期 鄠邑 眉县 周至 桐柏
    最低气温/℃ 灾损率/% 最低气温/℃ 灾损率/% 最低气温/℃ 灾损率/% 最低气温/℃ 灾损率/%
    1991年 -13.5 70 -15.6 70 -14.3 70 -16.8 70
    2002年 -11 50 -16.1 70 -11.7 30 -8.2 30
    2007年 -9.5 30 -12.1 30 -10.4 30 -11.3 50
    2009年 -6.3 0 -9.7 30 -8.5 30 -6.6 0
    2011年 -8.7 30 -14.1 30 -13.7 50 -7.4 30
    2015年 -14.0 50 -12.3 30 -12.4 30 -10.2 30
    2020年 -11.2 30 -11.2 30 -11.5 30 -8.8 30
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  3  Low temperature indicators and symptoms of overwintering freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit

    级别 低温指标 主要冻害症状表现
    轻度 -12.0℃<TD≤-8.0℃ 树体有部分一年生枝脱水皱缩,或虽没有表现皱缩,但切断枝条髓部表现褐色,其他部位基本不受影响;整个树体春季大部分枝条能正常萌芽;对当年减产影响小于30%
    中度 -15.0℃<TD≤-12.0℃ 树体上部大部分枝条脱水皱缩,或虽没有表现皱缩,但切断枝条髓部表现褐色;部分主杆受冻,树皮开裂;春季部分枝条不能正常萌芽,个别主杆受冻严重的树死亡;对当年减产影响小于50%
    重度 TD≤-15.0℃ 树体上部几乎所有枝条脱水皱缩,切断枝条髓部表现深褐色;多数主杆受冻开裂;春季地上部几乎所有枝蔓死亡,春季不能萌发新叶,部分枝蔓基部可发出萌蘖,部分植株整株死亡;对当年减产影响50%以上
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  4  Disaster factors and damage rates of overwintering freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit at Zhouzhi, Meixian, Huyi and Tongbai

    受灾县(区) 越冬期 X1/℃ X2/d X3/(℃·d) X4/(℃·d) L/%
    1991年 -14.3 8 17.5 1.06 70
    2002年 -11.7 5 4.8 0.34 30
    2007年 -10.4 4 3.5 0.21 30
    周至 2009年 -8.5 2 0.5 0.02 30
    2011年 -13.7 6 12.3 0.60 50
    2015年 -12.4 6 15.3 0.74 30
    2020年 -11.5 6 10.1 1.09 30
    1991年 -15.6 8 23.3 1.47 70
    2002年 -16.1 12 36.4 1.90 70
    2007年 -12.1 11 14.8 0.86 30
    眉县 2009年 -9.7 9 6.3 0.30 30
    2011年 -14.1 8 21.0 0.93 30
    2015年 -12.3 5 10.8 0.56 30
    2020年 -11.2 5 6.4 0.70 30
    1991年 -13.5 6 12.7 0.82 70
    2002年 -11.0 5 4.7 0.35 50
    2007年 -9.5 2 2.3 0.15 30
    鄠邑 2009年 -6.3 0 0.0 0.00 0
    2011年 -8.7 1 0.7 0.05 30
    2015年 -14.0 5 17.1 0.80 50
    2020年 -11.2 6 11.5 0.83 30
    1991年 -16.8 6 19.1 0.81 70
    2002年 -8.2 2 0.3 0.01 30
    2007年 -11.3 4 5.0 0.21 50
    桐柏 2009年 -6.6 0 0.0 0.00 0
    2011年 -7.4 0 0.0 0.00 30
    2015年 -10.2 2 3.3 0.13 30
    2020年 -8.8 2 1.1 0.04 30
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  5  The correlations between the disaster factors and the damage rates of overwintering freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit

    要素 X1/℃ X2/d X3/(℃·d) X4/(℃·d) L/%
    X1/℃ 1 -0.782 -0.895 -0.851 -0.823
    X2/d 1 0.838 0.843 0.575
    X3/(℃·d) 1 0.948 0.680
    X4/(℃·d) 1 0.654
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  6  The low temperature indicators, comprehensive indicators and damage rates of overwintering freezing injury of tasty kiwifruit at Wugong, Changan and Xixia

    越冬期 武功 长安 西峡
    TD/℃ Ih L/% TD/℃ Ih L/% TD/℃ Ih L/%
    1991年 -17.7 2.79 70 -17.3 2.94 70 -11.5 -1.10 30
    2002年 -12.1 0.22 30 -15.0 1.62 50 -8.0 -2.14 30
    2007年 -12.1 0.87 30 -12.7 0.63 30 -6.7 -2.43 0
    2009年 -9.0 -1.08 30 -10.6 -0.05 30 -7.5 -2.33 0
    2011年 -13.1 0.27 30 -12.7 -0.14 30 -6.2 -2.50 0
    2015年 -14.9 1.82 50 -17.4 2.70 70 -7.0 -2.39 0
    2020年 -12.9 1.34 30 -13.9 1.38 50 -7.0 -2.44 0
    DownLoad: Download CSV
  • [1]
    Zhang Q M. Freeze injury of kiwifruit and its prevention. Northwest Horticulture, 2008(10): 44-45. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1004-4183-B.2008.10.029
    [2]
    FAO. FAO Statistics 1993-2013. http://faostat3.fao.org/home/E/, 2015-12-02.
    [3]
    Cui Z X. Chinese Kiwifruit. Jinan: Shandong Science and Technology Press, 1993.
    [4]
    Qu Z J, Zhou G S. Regionalization of climatic suitability for major kiwifruit cultivars in China. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2017, 38(4): 257-266. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2017.04.007
    [5]
    Ming C R Y. Distribution, Planting and Development of Kiwifruit in China. http://www.360doc.com/content/19/0619/14/1463-6198_843517242.shtml. 2019-06-19.
    [6]
    Liu Z D, Yu J Y, An C L, et al. Investigation of freeze injury in main kiwifruit producing areas in China and its countermeasures. Northern Horticulture, 2012(12): 64-65. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BFYY201212024.htm
    [7]
    Zhao J Q. Investigation and prevention measures of freeze injury in kiwifruit orchard. Shanxi Fruits, 2014(2): 36-37. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1005-345X.2014.02.024
    [8]
    Yang T T. Analysis and defense of kiwifruit freezing damage in Meixian County. Shaanxi Meteorology, 2020(1): 31-34. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SXQI202001006.htm
    [9]
    Min Y E, Li X G, Zhao A X, et al. Occurrence factors and key control measures of kiwifruit freezing injury in Weinan area. Agricultural Science and Technology Communication, 2019(2): 264-265. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1000-6400.2019.02.103
    [10]
    Qu Z J, Bai Q F, Liang Y, et al. Potential impacts of climate change on the main meteorological disaster risk of kiwifruit in Shaanxi province. Journal of Fruit Science, 2014, 31(5): 873-878. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GSKK201405025.htm
    [11]
    Wang Y J, Zhou B T, Ren Y Y, et al. Impacts of global climate change on China's climate security. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2016, 27(6): 750-758. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20160612
    [12]
    Zhao Y J, Yan S W, Niu Y J, et al. Prevention of kiwifruit overwintering freezing injury in the northern foot of Qinling Mountains. Northwest Horticulture, 2018(12): 10-12. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBGG201806006.htm
    [13]
    Huang C S, Wang W Y, Wang L, et al. Analysis and defending countermeasures of Zhouzhi kiwifruit freeze injury climatic characteristics. Journal of Gansu Sciences, 2017, 29(6): 46-49. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GSKX201706010.htm
    [14]
    Qi X J, Fang J B, Zhao C Z. Freeze injury investigation of kiwifruit in Zhengzhou area in 2009. Journal of Fruit Science, 2011, 28(1): 55-60. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GSKK201101012.htm
    [15]
    Zhang M G, Li X N, Shang T, et al. Occurrence factors and control techniques of kiwifruit freezing injury. Disaster Prevention and Reduction, 2018(5): 26-28. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GSJS201805018.htm
    [16]
    An C L, Liu Z D, Liu X F, et al. Investigation report on freeze injury of kiwifruit at different ages. Northern Horticulture, 2011(18): 44-47. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BFYY201118017.htm
    [17]
    Li G W, He Y, Li H J, et al. Investigation on occurrence regularity of kiwifruit freezing injury in Baoji region of Shaanxi Province. Northwest Horticulture, 2018(4): 48-51. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1004-4183.2018.04.029
    [18]
    Yang K, Chen B B, Chen H, et al. Comprehensive climatic index and grade classification of cold damage for Taiwan green jujube in Fujian. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(4): 427-434. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20200405
    [19]
    Pei H, Hao L, Han J W. Pentad precipitation changes during recent 40 years in Inner Mongolia. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2012, 23(5): 543-550. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2012.05.004
    [20]
    Bai Q F. Research on Disaster-caused Climatic Factors and Comprehensive Index of Cold Damage in South China. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, 2008.
    [21]
    Wang J H, Bai Q F, Liang Y, et al. Study on freezing index and weather conditions causing Shaanxi apple florescence freezing injury in 2013. Journal of Fruit Science, 2015, 32(1): 100-107. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GSKK201501020.htm
    [22]
    Duan X F, Zhu Y N, Zhang L, et al. Experimental research on frost indexes for Lycium barbarum flowering phase. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(4): 417-426. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20200404
    [23]
    Wang J H, Liang Y, Bai Q F, et al. Atlas of Climatic Suitability and Meteorological Disaster Risk Zoning of Main Fruit Trees in Shaanxi Province. Xi'an: Shaanxi Science and Technology Press, 2012.
    [24]
    Li Y, Zhao G Q, Chen H L, et al. WOFOST model parameter calibration based on Agro-climatic division of winter wheat. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(1): 38-51. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20210104
    [25]
    Huo Z G, Shang Y, Wu D R, et al. Review on disaster of hot dry wind for wheat in China. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2019, 30(2): 129-141. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20190201
    [26]
    Wu M X, Zhuang L W, Hou Y Y, et al. The design and implementation of China Agricultural Meteorological Service System(CAgMSS). J Appl Meteor Sci, 2019, 30(5): 513-527. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20190501
    [27]
    Li Y L, Guo X, Fu Y, et al. Analysis of microclimate characteristics and heat damage index of kiwifruit orchard in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province. Shaanxi Meteorology, 2021(1): 40-43. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1006-4354.2021.01.007
    [28]
    Yang J Y, Huo Z G, Wang P J, et al. Evaluation index construction and hazard risk assessment on apple drought in northern China. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(1): 25-37. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20210103
    [29]
    Qu Z J, Zheng X H, Wang J H, et al. Characteristics of temperature variation in and out of apple orchard in Weibei Plateau. Arid Land Geography, 2016, 39(2): 301-308. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GHDL201602010.htm
    [30]
    Qu Z J, Shang X N, Wang J H, et al. Vertical variation characteristics and prediction of temperature in two tree apple orchards at flowering stage on Loess Plateau. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(11): 3405-3412. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YYSB201511022.htm
    [31]
    Wang P J, Tang J X, Jin Z F, et al. Review on spring frost disaster for tea plant in China. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(2): 129-145. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20210201
  • 加载中
  • -->

Catalog

    Tables(6)

    Article views (1089) PDF downloads(57) Cited by()
    • Received : 2021-04-02
    • Accepted : 2021-05-25
    • Published : 2021-07-31

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint