Microphysical Characteristics and Precipitation Formation Mechanisms of Convective Clouds over the Tibetan Plateau in Summer

Chang Yi; Guo Xueliang; Tang Jie; Lu Guangxian; Qi Peng

doi:10.11898/1001-7313.20210607

Vol.32, NO.6, 2021

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Chang Yi, Guo Xueliang, Tang Jie, et al. Microphysical characteristics and precipitation formation mechanisms of convective clouds over the Tibetan Plateau. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(6): 720-734. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210607.

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Chang Yi, Guo Xueliang, Tang Jie, et al. Microphysical characteristics and precipitation formation mechanisms of convective clouds over the Tibetan Plateau. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(6): 720-734. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210607.

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Microphysical Characteristics and Precipitation Formation Mechanisms of Convective Clouds over the Tibetan Plateau in Summer

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210607

Chang Yi¹,
Guo Xueliang^{2
,
,},
Tang Jie^{1, 3},
Lu Guangxian¹,
Qi Peng^{1, 4}

1.
Key Laboratory for Cloud Physics of China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081
2.
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029
3.
Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044
4.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

Received Date: 2021-07-12
Rev Recd Date: 2021-08-10
Publish Date: 2021-11-23

Abstract

Abstract

Tibetan Plateau (TP) has high impact on weather, climate, and water cycle of China, and it also affects the flood and drought in south China by modulating the onset and retreat of the Asian monsoon. However, owning to the lack of direct observations, the knowledge of microphysical characteristics and mechanisms inside the clouds over TP is still seriously lacking. During the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Scientific Experiment (TIPEX-Ⅲ), field observations is carried out in the summer of 2014, which employed ground-based and airborne instruments. By using the aircraft measurements collected during the TIPEX-Ⅲ, the microphysical characteristics and precipitation formation mechanisms of summertime clouds are studied. The results show that clouds detected by the aircraft are mainly newly born or developing mixed-phase convective clouds, as well as some residual clouds. The maximum and average concentrations of cloud drops are 1.1×10⁵ L^-1 and (9±10)×10³ L^-1, respectively, and the order of magnitude is 10⁴ L^-1, which is lower than clouds of plain and maritime regions by 1-2 orders. The maximum concentration for larger cloud particles is 28.82 L^-1, and the order of magnitude is 10⁰-10¹ L^-1, which is also lower than other regions. The maximum liquid and total water content are 0.25 g·m^-3 and 1.33 g·m^-3, respectively, and the order of magnitude is 10^-1-10⁰ g·m^-3, with abundant supercooled liquid water content in the clouds. The uplifting velocity distributes mainly in the range of 1-4 m·s^-1 with a maximum of 4.3 m·s^-1, indicating the convective clouds over the TP are weaker than other regions. The cloud drop size distributions (DSD) are mostly bimodal with different second peaks at the larger end, and some of the DSDs are unimodal, which are mainly found in newly borne clouds. There are more large cloud drops and drizzles in the clouds over the TP, which is the result of active warm rain processes. And the ice particles mainly consist of opaque and dense graupels as well as some needles and plates, indicating active rimming processes. The warm rain processes do not generate rain directly, but contribute to the subsequent glaciation and rimming processes, leading to the quick formation of precipitation over the TP. The residual clouds show similar ice characteristics with convective clouds, but much drier and weaker, and they also maintain small amount of supercooled liquid water.
- Naqu region of Tibetan Plateau;
- aircraft measurements;
- cloud microphysical structure;
- characteristics of cloud and precipitation formation

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References(65)

Figures and Tables

图 1 2014年夏季TIPEX-Ⅲ期间那曲地区外场观测概况

(红色方框区域为主要飞机观测区域,×和+分别为那曲气象局和那曲中信大酒店观测点)

Fig. 1 Observation field of TIPEX-Ⅲ at Naqu during summer of 2014

(the red rectangle indicates the region of aircraft measurements, × and + are two observation sites at Naqu Meteorological Bureau and Naqu Zhongxin Hotel)

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 2014年7月3日初始对流云探测(a)Nevzorov探测的LWC和TWC,(b)FCDP探头探测的小云粒子数浓度(黑色实线) 和谱(填色) 分布

(图中A1,A2,A3为对同一个对流云的3次穿越观测结果,B1为另一对流云的探测结果)

Fig. 2 Aircraft observations of newly born convective cells on 3 Jul 2014 (a)cloud liquid water content and total water content derived from Nevzorov, (b)cloud particle number concentration (the black solid line) and drop size distribution (the shaded) derived from FCDP

(A1, A2, and A3 represent 3 penetrations of the same cells while B1 denotes a different cell)

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 3 Aircraft measurements of developing convective clouds on 10 Jul 2014 (a)altitude and air temperature of the flight measurement procedure, (b)LWC, (c)concentration of large particles derived from HVPS, (d)concentration of small particles derived from FCDP, (e)cloud drop size distributions of the sampled periods shown in Fig. 3d

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Fig. 4 Aircraft measurements of developing convective clouds on 13 Jul 2014 (a)altitude and temperature (the solid line) and reflectivity (the shaded) of C-band operational radar along the flight trajectory, (b)LWC and TWC retrieved from Nevzorov, (c)concentration of large particles derived from HVPS, (d)concentration of small particles derived from FCDP

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 5 Particle images of different altitudes on 13 Jul 2014

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图 6 2014年7月3日、10日、13日FCDP探头探测到的典型对流云滴谱分布

(图中所选滴谱均位于云内过冷水区)

Fig. 6 Particle size distributions of convective clouds obtained by FCDP at typical temperatures for cases on 3, 10, 13 Jul in 2014

(all particle size distributions refer to convective clouds with only supercooled liquid water)

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 2014年TIPEX-Ⅲ期间残留云系C波段连续波雷达反射率因子随时间变化

(图中红色线为飞机飞行高度随时间变化)

Fig. 7 Height-time distributions of radar defectivities of residual clouds and altitude of flight trajactories

(red lines represent altitude of flight)

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 8 Results of residual cloud case on 20 Jul 2014 (a)LWC and TWC obtained by Nevzorov, (b)concentrations and spectra obtained by 2D-S, (c)concentrations and spectra obtained by HPVS, (d)concentrations and spectra obtained by FCDP

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Table 1 Flight altitudes, temperatures, and cloud types of six cases during TIPEX-Ⅲ, 2014

日期	飞行高度/m	温度/℃	云类型
07-03	5728~7634	-11.7~-1.0	初始对流云
07-10	6286~6954	-6.6~-2.4	发展阶段对流云
07-13	6293~7959	-13.1~-2.4	发展阶段对流云
07-20	6279~8933	-17.1~-2.1	残留云系
07-21	6278~8938	-17.3~-2.4	残留云系
07-24	6280~8145	-14.8~-4.4	发展阶段对流云

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Table 2 Maximum, average and order of magnitude values of cloud particle concentrations with D < 50 μm and D≥50 μm and LWC, TWC and V values during the TIPEX-Ⅲ

统计项目	小云粒子数浓度/L^-1	大云粒子数浓度/L^-1	LWC/(g·m^-3)	TWC/(g·m^-3)	V/(m·s^-1)
最大值	1.1×10⁵	28.82	0.25	1.33	4.3
最小值	(9±10)×10³	(7±19)×10^-1
数量级	10⁴	10⁰~10¹	10^-1~10⁰	10^-1~10⁰	1~4

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