Numerical Simulation on Multiple Upward Leader Attachment Process of Tall and Low Buildings

Lei Yinan; Tan Yongbo; Yu Junhao; Zheng Tianxue

doi:10.11898/1001-7313.20220107

Vol.33, NO.1, 2022

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Journal of Applied Meteorological Science > 2022 > 33(1): 80-91

Lei Yinan, Tan Yongbo, Yu Junhao, et al. Numerical Simulation on Multiple Upward Leader Attachment Process of Tall and Low Buildings. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2022, 33(1): 80-91. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20220107.

Citation:

Lei Yinan, Tan Yongbo, Yu Junhao, et al. Numerical Simulation on Multiple Upward Leader Attachment Process of Tall and Low Buildings. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2022, 33(1): 80-91. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20220107.

Citation:

PDF( 2422 KB)

Numerical Simulation on Multiple Upward Leader Attachment Process of Tall and Low Buildings

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20220107

Lei Yinan^{1, 2},
Tan Yongbo^{1
,
,},
Yu Junhao¹,
Zheng Tianxue¹

1.
Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044
2.
Laboratory of Lightning Physics and Protection Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081

Received Date: 2021-08-06
Rev Recd Date: 2021-09-26
Publish Date: 2022-01-19

Abstract

Abstract

The multiple upward leader's attachment process on buildings is an important topic in lightning physics research, but the research on its physical mechanism is still insufficient. An improved 3D high-resolution multiple upward leader's stochastic method is used to simulate the development and attachment process of downward negative cloud-to-ground lightning in the near-ground area. The model allows upward leaders to be initiated on both tall and low buildings. The attachment process is analyzed when the multiple upward leaders are initiated and connected from both high and low buildings. The results show that low buildings have very small probability of initiating upward leaders directly and being struck, while high buildings have a clear influence on the initiation of upward leader of low buildings. Once low buildings initiate upward leaders, they are more likely to be stricken. The height difference between buildings is the main factor affecting the lightning attachment process. When the height difference between buildings is not large, the shielding effect of high buildings on the low buildings is not obvious, and the relative position of the downward leader channel will affect whether the low buildings can first initiate the upward leader. With the increase of the height difference between buildings, it is difficult for low buildings to preferentially initiate the upward leader. Only when the downward leader channel is obviously closer to low buildings, low buildings can initiate the upward leader and have a certain probability to connect with the downward leader to form a return stroke. When the height difference between buildings is large enough to a certain extent, the space form of the downward leader has little influence on the lightning attachment process. The low buildings will not be struck without initiating an upward leader. After the upward leader is initiated, it will have a certain inhibitory effect on the electric field intensity of the surrounding top angle. This inhibitory effect is related to the number of upward leaders and the horizontal distance between the top angle of the initiating upward leader and other top angles. The inhibitory effect is positively correlated with the amount of upward leaders while negatively correlated with the horizontal distance.
- numerical simulation;
- cloud-to-ground lightning attachment process;
- multiple upward leader;
- height difference between buildings

FullText(HTML)

References(40)

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1 Model diagram

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 模拟试验结果闪电通道图

(a)单先导连接过程(高、矮建筑物的高度分别为300 m，200 m)，(b)单建筑多先导连接过程(高、矮建筑物的高度分别为250 m，200 m)，(c)多建筑多先导连接过程(高、矮建筑物的高度分别为210 m，200 m)

Fig. 2 Simulation of lightning channel

(a)single upward leader attachment process (the heights of high and low buildings are 300 m and 200 m, respectively), (b)multiple upward leaders attachment process which from the same building (the heights of high and low buildings are 250 m and 200 m, respectively), (c)multiple upward leaders attachment process which from different building (the heights of high and low buildings are 210 m and 200 m, respectively)

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 3 Statistics of different attachment processes

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 4 Probabilities of the low building lightning strike and the upward leaders initiated from the low building

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 5 Variation diagram of lightning channel in Case 0214

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 6 Variation diagram of lightning channel in Case 0412

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 7 Variation diagram of lightning channel in Case 0511

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 8 Top views during connection of Case 0214(a), Case 0412(b) and Case 0511(c)

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 两座建筑物顶角电场强度随先导发展的变化

(a)个例0211，(b)个例0412，(c)个例0511

Fig. 9 Variation of electric field at buildings top angle with leaders development in Case 0214(a), Case 0412(b) and Case 0511(c)

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Table 1 Statistics of multiple buildings with multiple leaders

高建筑物高度/m	多建筑多先导	矮建筑物先始发UL	高建筑物先始发UL	矮建筑物被击中	高建筑物被击中
210	36	19	17	27	9
220	31	10	21	22	9
230	28	6	22	13	15
240	17	3	14	11	6
250	15	0	15	8	7
260	10	0	10	3	7
270	2	0	2	1	1
280	1	0	1	0	1
290	0	0	0	0	0
300	1	0	1	1	0
合计	141	38	103	86	55

DownLoad: Download CSV

References

[1]	Xie X S, Zhang Q L, Yuan T, et al. Lightning Physics. Beijing: Science Press, 2013.
[2]	Rakov V A, Uman M A. Lightning: Physics and Effects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
[3]	McEachron K B. Lightning to the empire state building. Electrical Eng, 1938, 57(12): 493-505. doi: 10.1109/EE.1938.6431034
[4]	Warner T A. Upward Leader Development from Tall Towers in Response to Downward Stepped Leaders//30th Int Conf on Lightning Protection (ICLP). IEEE, 2010: 1-4.
[5]	Wang D, Takagi N, Watanabe T. Observed characteristics of upward leaders that are initiated from a windmill and its lightning protection tower. Geophys Res Lett, 2008, 35(2), L02803.
[6]	Araujo L S, Miguel B G, Pedrosa A G. Assessing Events of Upward Lightning Measured at Morro do Cachimbo Station//Conf on Lightning Protection. IEEE, 2012: 1-4.
[7]	Cummins K L, Krider E P, Olbinski M. A case study of lightning attachment to flat ground showing multiple unconnected upward leaders. Atmos Res, 2018, 202: 169-174. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.11.007
[8]	Lu W, Chen L, Zhang Y. Characteristics of unconnected upward leaders initiated from tall structures observed in Guangzhou. J Geophys Res, 2012, 117(D19), D19211.
[9]	Gao Y, Lu W, Ma Y. Three-dimensional propagation characteristics of the upward connecting leaders in six negative tall-object flashes in Guangzhou. Atmos Res, 2014, 149: 193-203. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.06.008
[10]	Lu W, Gao Y, Chen L, et al. Three-dimensional propagation characteristics of the leaders in the attachment process of a downward negative lightning flash. Atmos Sol-Terr Phys, 2015, 136: 23-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jastp.2015.07.011
[11]	Lu W, Chen L, Zhang Y, et al. Unconnected Upward Leaders Observed in Guangzhou During 2009-2010//7th Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning, 2011: 609-613.
[12]	Qi Q, Lu W, Ma Y, et al. High-speed video observations of natural lightning attachment process with framing rates up to half a million frames per second. Geophys Res Lett, 2019, 46(21): 12580-12587. doi: 10.1029/2019GL085072
[13]	Qi Q, Lü W T, Wu B, et al. Two-dimensional optical observation of striking distance of lightning flashes to two buildings in Guangzhou. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(2): 156-164. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200203
[14]	Lü W T, Chen L W, Ma Y, et al. Advances of observation and study on tall-object lightning in Guangzhou over the last decade. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(2): 129-145. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200201
[15]	Saba M M F, Paiva A R, Schumann C, et al. Lightning attachment process to common buildings. Geophys Res Lett, 2017, 44(9): 4368-4375. doi: 10.1002/2017GL072796
[16]	Visacro S, Guimaraes M, Murta Vale M H. Features of upward positive leaders initiated from towers in natural cloud-to-ground lightning based on simultaneous high-speed videos, measured currents, and electric fields. J Geophys Res Atmos, 2017, 122(23): 12786-12800.
[17]	Wu S S, Lü W T, Qi Q, et al. Characteristics of downward cloud-to-ground lightning flashes around Canton Tower based on optical observations. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2019, 30(2): 203-210. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20190207
[18]	Lu W, Chen L, Ma Y, et al. Lightning attachment process involving connection of the downward negative leader to the lateral surface of the upward connecting leader. Geophys Res Lett, 2013, 40: 5531-5535. doi: 10.1002/2013GL058060
[19]	Wu B, Lü W T, Qi Q, et al. High-speed video observations on abrupt elongations of the positive end of bidirectional leader. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(2): 146-155. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200202
[20]	Gamerota W R, Idone V P, Uman M A, et al. Dart-stepped-leader step formation in triggered lightning. Geophys Res Lett, 2014, 41(6): 2204-2211. doi: 10.1002/2014GL059627
[21]	Golde R H. Lightning and tall structures. Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1978, 125(4): 347-351. doi: 10.1049/piee.1978.0084
[22]	Shindo T. Lightning striking characteristics to tall structures. IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2018, 13(7): 938-947. doi: 10.1002/tee.22649
[23]	Cummer S A, Lyu F, Briggs M S, et al. Lightning leader altitude progression in terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. Geophys Res Lett, 2015, 42(18): 7792-7798. doi: 10.1002/2015GL065228
[24]	Zhang Y, Lu W, Chen S, et al. A review of advances in lightning observations during the past decade in Guangdong, China. J Meteor Res, 2016, 30(5): 800-819. doi: 10.1007/s13351-016-6928-7
[25]	Becerra M, Cooray V. A simplified physical model to determine the lightning upward connecting leader inception. IEEE Trans Power Delivery, 2006, 21(2): 897-908. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2005.859290
[26]	Yang N, Zhang Q, Hou W, et al. Analysis of the lightning attractive radius for wind turbines considering the developing process of positive attachment leader. J Geophys Res Atmos, 2017, 122(6): 3487-3497.
[27]	Ludin D I, Rakov V A, Mareev E A, et al. Advanced numerical model of lightning development: Application to studying the role of LPCR in determining lightning type. J Geophys Res Atmos, 2017, 122(12): 6416-6430. doi: 10.1002/2016JD026261
[28]	Wu S S. Characteristic Analysis and Simulation of Downward Cloud-to-ground Lightning Flashes around the Canton Tower. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, 2019.
[29]	Tan Y B, Chen Z L, Zhang D D, et al. Simulation on the stroke protection distance of tall buildings to surrounding buildings. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2016, 27(4): 498-505. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20160413
[30]	Tan Y B, Zhang D D, Zhou B W, et al. A numerical study on characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning near surface configuration. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2015, 26(2): 211-220. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20150209
[31]	Arevalo L, Cooray V. Influence of Multiple Upward Connecting Leaders Initiated from the Same Structure on the Lightning Attachment Process//X International Symposium on Lightning Protection, 2009: 221-226.
[32]	Jiang R, Lu W, Wu B, et al. Simulation of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes to structures based on an improved stochastic lightning model. J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys, 2020, 203: 105274. doi: 10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105274
[33]	Yu J H, Tan Y B, Zheng T X, et al. A three-dimensional model establishment of multiple connecting leaders initiated from tall structures. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(6): 740-748. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200609
[34]	Eriksson A J. The Lightning Ground Flash: An Engineering Study. Pretoria: University of Natal, 1979.
[35]	Rakov V A. The physics of lightning. Surveys in Geophysics, 2013, 34: 701-729. doi: 10.1007/s10712-013-9230-6
[36]	Tan Y B, Tao S C, Liang Z W, et al. Numerical study on relationship between lightning types and distribution of space charge and electric potential. J Geophys Res, 2014, 119: 1003-1014. doi: 10.1002/2013JD019983
[37]	Zheng T X, Tan Y B, Wang Y R, Numerical simulation to evaluate the effects of upward lightning discharges on thunderstorm electrical parameters. Adv Atmos Sci, 2021, 38(3): 446-459. doi: 10.1007/s00376-020-0154-z
[38]	Wang Y R, Tan Y B, Zheng T X, et al. Numerical simulation of main negative charge area parameters for upward negative cloud-to-ground lightning. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2020, 31(2): 175-184. doi: 10.11898/1001-7313.20200205
[39]	Guo X F, Tan Y B, Guo F X, et al. Numerical simulation of effects of building tip on atmospheric electric field distortion. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2013, 24(2): 189-196. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2013.02.007
[40]	Geng X Y, Zhang Q L, Liu M Y. Effect of tall buildings on thunderstrom electric field. Meteor Sci Technol, 2012, 40(5): 827-833. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-6345.2012.05.025