Vol.34, NO.4, 2023
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Article Navigation >  Journal of Applied Meteorological Science  > 2023  >  34(4): 438-450
Wang Zhenchao, Chen Xuejiao, Liu Shu, et al. Comparison experiment for rainfall observation of micro-smart weather stations. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2023, 34(4): 438-450. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20230405.
Citation: Wang Zhenchao, Chen Xuejiao, Liu Shu, et al. Comparison experiment for rainfall observation of micro-smart weather stations. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2023, 34(4): 438-450. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20230405.
shu

Comparison Experiment for Rainfall Observation of Micro-smart Weather Stations

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20230405
  • 1.

    China Meteorological Administration Xiong'an Atmospheric Boundary Layer Key Laboratory, Xiong'an New Area 071000

  • 2.

    Hebei Xiong'an New Area Meteorological Service, Xiong'an New Area 071000

  • 3.

    Hebei Meteorological Technology and Equipment Center, Shijiazhuang 050021

  • Received Date: 2023-02-24
  • Rev Recd Date: 2023-05-15
  • Publish Date: 2023-07-31
    Abstract
  • In order to enhance the understanding of rainfall observation performance of micro-smart (integrated) weather stations and to promote the application in rainfall observation operations, a comparative experiment for the rainfall observation of radar, photoelectric, piezoelectric and tipping bucket micro-smart weather stations is carried out by Hebei Xiong'an New Area Meteorological Service from June to November in 2021. The rainfall observation capability of micro-smart weather stations with different rainfall observation principles are analyzed in terms of total rainfall, rainfall intensity, percentage of rainfall intensity and temporal characteristics. It shows that when the accumulated precipitation exceeds 10 mm, the precipitation measured by the tipping bucket micro-smart weather station can meet observation error control requirements compared with the precipitation observed by the standard station, while results of the radar micro-smart weather station are large and results of the photoelectric and piezoelectric micro-smart weather stations are small. When the cumulative precipitation is less than 10 mm, results of the tipping bucket and piezoelectric micro-smart weather stations can meet observation error control requirements, while results of radar micro-smart weather stations are large and results of photoelectric micro-smart weather stations are small. In terms of rainfall intensity, the double tipping bucket station is suitable for monitoring rainfall extreme, while photovoltaic and piezoelectric stations underestimate the extreme. Radar-based micro-smart weather stations can be calibrated and revised for rainfall extreme monitoring by adjusting internal parameters. Analysis of different rainfall intensities and their corresponding rainfall ratios show that the rain intensity corresponding to a rain intensity accumulation ratio greater than 95% at each micro-smart weather station is[0.3 mm·min-1, 0.6 mm·min-1] and the rain intensity corresponding to a rainfall accumulation ratio greater than 50% is[0.1 mm·min-1, 0.4 mm·min-1]. It shows that within 0.4 mm·min-1, the proportion of rainfall measured by any type of rain sensor accounts for more than half of the total rainfall, so more attention should be paid to accuracy for small rain intensity in the operational rain sensor rate determination. As the resolving capacity increases, the tipping bucket type micro-smart weather station becomes less sensitive to the starting time and will identify the ending time earlier. The radar type micro-smart weather station responds to rainfall relatively more quickly. Finer resolving capacity of the rain sensor will enhance the monitoring effectiveness of fine rainfall and the effective rainfall rate.
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  • Fig. 1  Schematic layout of comparison experiment for micro-smart weather stations

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    Fig. 2  Box plots of relative error for process precipitation of micro-smart weather stations

    (upper and lower boundaries of the box denote 75 and 25 percentiles, top and bottom ends of the whiskers denote the maximum and minimum, the black horizontal line inside the box denotes the median, green diamonds denote the mean, blue dashed lines denote ±4% of bias)

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    Fig. 3  Scatter plot of maximum rainfall bias at different duration

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    Fig. 4  Proportion and accumulated proportion of rainfall intensity measured by standard station and micro-smart weather stations

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    Fig. 5  Contribution and accumulated proportion of rainfall intensity to rainfall measured by standard station and micro-smart weather stations

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    Table  1  Basic information of micro-smart stations

    微智站编号 分辨力/(mm·min-1) 雨强/(mm·min-1) 传感器类型 承水口(翻斗) 直径/mm 设备型号
    C00 0.1 电阻感雨 HY-SKY3
    C01 0.01 0~24 雷达式 ZY3140
    C02 0.01 0~24 雷达式 CY-YTJ-S06
    C03 0.1 0~4 单翻斗 159 jy-wx-qx
    C04 0.01 0~24 雷达式 WS60
    C05 0.01 0~4 光电式 P-IIS-MWS
    C06 0.1 0.1~4 压电式 DZZ4-XVSA
    C07 0.2 0~4 双翻斗式 200 SAMS-Ⅱ
    C08 0.01 0~24 雷达式 Theaty-Ⅱ
    C09 0.2 0~4 双翻斗式 200 SAMS
    C10 0.01 0~24 雷达式 ZQX-36
    C11 0.01 0~24 雷达式 SW600
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  2  Rainfall events from 15 Jun to 15 Oct in 2021 (unit:mm)

    起止时间 C01 C02 C03 C04 C05 C06 C07 C08 C09 C10 C11 标准站
    07-01T18:01—21:00 14.2 24.4 2.6 7.2 16.8 21.5 18.2 17.5
    07-02T23:01—03T20:00 46.3 53.9 4.4 17.9 38.4 49.6 47.2 39.2
    07-10T23:01—12T07:00 101.7 87.9 173.2 18.3 41.9 112.4 142.2 124.9 32.3 111.7
    07-18T09:01—19:00 20.6 20.3 18.2 27.7 1.4 8.2 18.6 15.5 21.8 24.5 7.0 18.6
    07-21T10:01—22T06:00 19.1 16.7 12.1 15.3 0.3 5.8 15.0 12.4 17.2 20.3 5.9 13.9
    07-27T15:01—30T09:00 46.8 35.8 5.8 13.7 42.6 43.8 52.7 13.2 37.0
    08-04T03:01—07:00 11.9 9.9 17.0 0.8 5.2 12.2 9.0 15.6 15.3 4.2 11.9
    08-05T12:01—14:00 21.4 14.3 24.2 8.2 7.1 17.8 13.6 21.4 22.5 6.4 18.5
    08-09T00:01—03:00 3.2 0.0 2.2 0.0 1.6 1.4 2.0 1.6 3.5 1.5 1.2
    08-14T06:01—08:00 7.9 30.0 8.2 0.0 3.1 5.6 5.0 6.8 9.9 3.1 5.7
    08-16T03:01—17T02:00 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 1.6 1.6 2.2 2.6 0.9 1.3
    08-19T06:01—20:00 19.9 30.0 17.6 0.0 5.9 19.7 23.3 5.6 23.1
    08-23T19:00—24T02:00 29.8 54.5 45.3 5.2 12.7 32.0 23.7 31.6 38.6 11.6 32.9
    08-26T20:01—21:00 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.2
    08-31T02:01—09:00 4.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.2 2.0 5.9 1.3 1.7
    09-04T01:01—06T11:00 10.5 10.8 3.5 0.5 0.0 12.0 8.9 11.6 11.7 2.5 10.6
    09-16T08:01—17T00:00 4.5 6.8 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.6 1.4 1.4 2.1 0.3 1.2
    09-18T19:01—20T11:00 51.0 117.8 40.6 47.1 25.9 21.7 67.4 66.6 58.9 9.5 65.3
    09-23T22:01—24T22:00 16.1 12.7 10.9 1.2 5.9 11.8 10.7 11.8 17.0 6.1 11.1
    09-25T22:01—27T06:00 5.8 14.8 1.0 1.5 0.5 14.4 3.6 13.8 6.7 1.1 12.9
    10-03T10:01—07T05:00 131.9 109.5 2.4 69.8 103.8 103.0 104.4 44.0 104.2
    10-08T21:01—09T21:00 13.1 14.0 4.6 0.1 3.7 13.8 9.8 13.4 4.0 12.9
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  3  Maximum rainfall of standard and micro-smart weather stations at different duration (unit:mm)

    测站 时长
    1 min 5 min 10 min 30 min 60 min
    标准站 2.4 9.8 19.5 44.1 50.2
    C01 1.3 7.9 16.5 39.6 49.6
    C02 3.5 12.6 29.9 65.1 70.1
    C03 2.2 7.6 14.6 34.8 38.0
    C04 3.7 14.1 27.8 68.0 76.8
    C05 0.6 2.0 3.5 8.9 10.7
    C06 0.3 2.7 4.2 11.5 15.1
    C07 2.4 8.8 17.4 41.2 47.4
    C08 0.4 1.8 0.0 8.1 9.2
    C09 3.3 11.7 23.4 55.0 63.2
    C10 1.7 7.8 17.7 42.1 50.9
    C11 0.6 2.1 4.2 11.1 14.5
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  4  Differences in rainfall time parameters between standard station and micro-smart weather stations

    测站 开始时间/min 结束时间/min a/%
    标准站 0 0 21.7
    C01 -141.4 2.6 22.3
    C02 -139.8 173.8 37.3
    C03 -111.0 151.1 18.8
    C04 98.1 -214.7 34.0
    C05 279.0 -221.2 31.6
    C06 50.8 -190.1 23.3
    C07 60.7 -62.1 17.9
    C08 -87.1 2.5 18.6
    C09 19.8 -28.9 19.7
    C10 -103.0 -4.5 25.6
    C11 -1.4 -16.5 9.2
    DownLoad: Download CSV
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    • Received : 2023-02-24
    • Accepted : 2023-05-15
    • Published : 2023-07-31
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