Vol.34,  No.6, 
November  2023
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Yuan Fuxiang, Mu Jia, Gao Yan, et al. Effects of covering and uncovering date on seedling emergence of overwintering ginseng and American ginseng. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2023, 34(6): 729-738. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20230608.
Citation: Yuan Fuxiang, Mu Jia, Gao Yan, et al. Effects of covering and uncovering date on seedling emergence of overwintering ginseng and American ginseng. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2023, 34(6): 729-738. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20230608.
shu

Effects of Covering and Uncovering Date on Seedling Emergence of Overwintering Ginseng and American Ginseng

  • 1.

    Institute of Meteorological Sciences of Jilin Province/Technology Innovation Center of Agricultural Meteorological Disaster Risk Assessment and Prevention and Control of Jilin Province, Changchun 130062

  • 2.

    Jilin Shenwang Plant Protection Co., Ltd, Baishan 134500

  • 3.

    Fusong County Meteorological Bureau of Baishan, Jilin Province, Baishan 134500

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    Abstract
  • Ginseng and American ginseng need to be covered and protected against cold in winter to survive, and covering and uncovering date has great influences on safe overwintering and seedling emergence. To determine the optimal time, field experiments are conducted at Fusong of Jilin Province from November 2021 to June 2022. Effects of different covering dates on the soil temperature in the overwintering layer and seedling emergence rate of ginseng and American ginseng are studied through different experiment themes. For some cases they are covered in stages in early winter and simultaneously uncovered in spring, and there are also other cases when the ginseng and American ginseng are covered simultaneously in early winter and uncovered step by step in spring. Results show that the emergence rate of ginseng and American ginseng decreases with the delay of coverage date. When 5 cm soil temperature is 0℃, the coverage date for cold prevention is the best, with the highest emergence rate of ginseng and American ginseng. Below -12℃, most or all of American ginseng is frozen to death. When the instantaneous 5 cm soil temperature drops to -14℃, the emergence rate of ginseng still reaches 75%. The emergence rate of ginseng seedlings in other treatments above this temperature coverage is mostly over 86%. When the soil temperature is -7℃ or above, the emergence rate of ginseng seedlings is above 97%. The emergence rate of ginseng seedlings covered by snow is 91%. The soil temperature fluctuates between -14℃ and -8℃, and all uncovered ginseng with an extreme minimum of -16℃ is frozen to death. When ginseng seedlings emerge, the soil temperature of 5-20 cm is around 8-9℃, slightly higher than that of American ginseng. Covering with high insulation fibers to prevent cold, the later the cover is removed, the lower the soil temperature becomes, and the later the seedlings emerge. The date of uncovering affects the progress of seedling emergence, but has little correlation with the emergence rate. The optimal date of uncovering needs to be analyzed further. On frost prone areas in early spring, combined with climate prediction, the emergence progress can be adjusted by uncovering date to avoid spring freezing damage.
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  • Fig  1.   Variation of daily averaged temperature(a) and precipitation(b) at Fusong of Jilin Province from 1 Nov 2021 to 28 Feb 2022

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    Fig  2.   Variation of 5 cm soil temperature on different covering dates in Jan 2022

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    Fig  3.   Variation of soil temperature at different layers after uncovering on 31 Mar 2022

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    Fig  4.   Variation of 5 cm soil temperature(a) and 20 cm soil temperature(b) on different uncovering dates in 2022

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    Fig  5.   Variation of 20 cm soil temperature before and after emergence of seedlings on different uncovering dates in 2022

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    Table  1   Covering date, 5 cm soil temperature and extreme minimum soil temperature during overwintering period under specific covering condition in 2021

    试验处理 覆盖日期 覆盖时5 cm地温/℃ 越冬期极端最低5 cm地温/℃
    覆盖处理1 11-19 0 -2
    覆盖处理2 11-24 -2 -6
    覆盖处理3 11-28 -6 -6
    覆盖处理4 11-28覆盖，12-19夜被风吹开，12-22再次覆盖。 -12 -12
    覆盖处理5 12-19 -12 -12
    覆盖处理6 12-22 -14 -15
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    Table  2   Uncovering date, 5 cm soil temperature and extreme minimum soil temperature during overwintering period in 2022

    试验处理 揭膜日期 揭膜时5 cm地温/℃ 越冬期极端最低5 cm地温/℃
    揭膜处理1 03-31 -1 -2
    揭膜处理2 04-13 2 -2
    揭膜处理3 04-20 2 -2
    揭膜处理4 04-30 5 -3
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    Table  3   Seedling emergence rate of ginseng and American ginseng on different covering dates (unit:%)

    处理 人参出苗率 西洋参出苗率
    覆盖处理1 100 100
    覆盖处理2 100 88
    覆盖处理3 97 66
    覆盖处理4 95 15
    覆盖处理5 86 0
    覆盖处理6 75 0
    对照1 0 0
    对照2 91 91
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    Table  4   Ginseng and American ginseng seedling emergence rate on different uncovering dates in 2022 (unit:%)

    处理 人参 西洋参
    揭膜处理1 84 100
    揭膜处理2 96 97
    揭膜处理3 85 100
    揭膜处理4 100 92
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