Vol.35, NO.1, 2024
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Article Navigation >  Journal of Applied Meteorological Science  > 2024  >  35(1): 103-117
Yang Huiling, Sun Yue, Xiao Hui, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of rainfall enhancement of gas cannon in Anhui Province. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2024, 35(1): 103-117. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20240109.
Citation: Yang Huiling, Sun Yue, Xiao Hui, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of rainfall enhancement of gas cannon in Anhui Province. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2024, 35(1): 103-117. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20240109.
shu

Comprehensive Evaluation of Rainfall Enhancement of Gas Cannon in Anhui Province

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20240109
  • 1.

    Key Laboratory of Cloud-precipitation and Severe Storms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029

  • 2.

    College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

  • 3.

    Anhui Weather Modification Office, Hefei 230061

  • 4.

    Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094

  • Received Date: 2023-10-24
  • Rev Recd Date: 2023-12-07
  • Publish Date: 2024-01-31
    Abstract
  • Gas cannon is a new type of equipment used for rainfall enhancement operating which comprehensively utilizes the influence of shock waves, sound waves, and catalysts to interfere with and catalyze local weather. At present, the use of gas cannons to conduct artificial weather operations in China is still in the experimental stage. Based on multi-source observations from dual-polarization weather radar, rain gauges and other equipment, the rainfall enhancement effect and the possible physical mechanism are comprehensively analyzed for 81 gas cannon operation cases in Anhui Province from 2021 to 2023. Observations of typical cases show that the effect of rainfall enhancement is better when the gas cannon is operated prior to the onset of rainfall, accompanied by an increase in the horizontal reflectivity factor ZH and the differential reflectivity ZDR, and the decrease in the co-polarization correlation coefficient ρhv. However, the effectiveness is poor when the operation is after the start of rainfall. It is observed that the cloud undergoes significant changes primarily in the sub-zero layer following the use of warm cloud catalyst, and the cloud changes rapidly but effects are short-lived. On the other hand, when a cold cloud catalyst is used, the cloud undergoes obvious changes in both the warm cloud region and the cold cloud region with a greater effecting range and longer duration of effects. This may be attributed to the impact of the cold cloud catalyst on the ice phase microphysical processes within the cloud. The increase in radar velocity spectrum width (SW) during the operation of a gas cannon may be caused by the increase in air vortex. Statistical results of hourly rainfall enhancement show that the number of cases of significant rainfall enhancement from the gas cannon is slightly higher than that of significant rainfall reduction. Among the three different types of operation timing, the rainfall enhancement effect is best for Type 2 (rainfall operation at the beginning). The significance of rainfall enhancement is negatively correlated with the duration of the operation, while the duration of the operation is negatively correlated with the increment of ZDR. Excessive sowing can lead to a reduction in rainfall. The significance of rainfall enhancement is negatively correlated with the amount of rainfall in the affected area prior to the operation. After the beginning of rainfall, the operational effectiveness of the gas cannon is poor. The rainfall enhancement is positively correlated with ZH, as well as with middle and low-level wind speed and wind shear. However, the enhancement of rainfall is negatively correlated with high-level wind speed. The high wind speed in the middle and high levels is not conducive to enhancing the rainfall through gas cannon operation. These results provide physical evidence for the effect of a gas cannon on cloud microphysical structure and rainfall.
    • FullText(HTML)
    References(35)

  • Fig. 1  Locations of gas cannon operation points,S-band dual-polarization weather radars and automatic weather stations

    (the red circles denote the radius of 230 km detection range with radars as centers)

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 2  Construction of influence zone and leeward lateral contrast zone

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 3  Observated hourly rainfall of typical cases before and after operation of the gas cannon (the inverted triangle)

    (colored circles denote the hourly rainfall at stations, the shaded denotes the interpolated hourly rainfall by inverted square of distance method, the barb denotes the wind at 700 hPa)

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 4  Dual-polarization radar parameters before and after operation of Case 1 (the operation period is from 1110 BT to 1120 BT on 23 Jun 2022)

    (the vertical profile is the interpolation profile from 50 km upstream to 100 km downstream of the operation station along the horizontal wind direction at 700 hPa,similarly hereinafter)

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 5  Dual-polarization radar parameters before and after operation of Case 2 (the operation period is from 1104 BT to 1144 BT on 28 Nov 2022)

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 6  Dual-polarization radar parameters before and after operation of Case 3 (the operation period is from 1600 BT to 1700 BT on 16 Aug 2022)

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 7  Statistical results of dual-polarization characteristic parameters at the lowest elevation (0.5°) before and after operation of Case 1

    (the black vertical lines denote the start and end time of the operations, similarly hereinafter)

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 8  Statistical results of dual-polarization characteristic parameters at the lowest elevation (0.5°) before and after operation of Case 2

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 9  Statistical results of dual-polarization characteristic parameters at the lowest elevation (0.5°) before and after operation of Case 3

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 10  Statistical results of the distribution of rain increase and decrease in 3 different types of artificial rainfall enhancement operation time

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Table  1  Correlation between radar parameters and rainfall

    变量 Δ2(ZH) S(ΔZH) Δ2(ZDR) S(ΔZDR)
    S(ΔR) 0.371*** 0.421*** 0.185 0.187
    Δ2(R) 0.426*** 0.390*** 0.001 -0.017
    作业时长 0.033 0.129 -0.206* -0.066
    注：*、**和***分别代表相关系数对应的显著性水平为0.1、0.05和0.01。
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  2  Correlation between wind speed,windshear and rainfall of automatic rainfall stations

    变量 S(ΔR) Δ2(R)
    v500/(m·s-1) 0.147 -0.203*
    v700/(m·s-1) 0.201* 0.045
    v850/(m·s-1) 0.191* 0.034
    v925/(m·s-1) 0.261** 0.024
    s500_700/(m·s-1) 0.119 -0.131
    s700_850/(m·s-1) 0.210* -0.010
    s850_925/(m·s-1) 0.344*** 0.198*
    注：*、**和***分别代表相关系数对应的显著性水平为0.1、0.05和0.01。
    DownLoad: Download CSV
  • [1]
    Lei H C, Hong Y C, Zhao Z, et al. Advances in cloud and precipitation physics and weather modification in recent years. Chinese J Atmos Sci, 2008, 32(4): 967-974. doi:  10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2008.04.21
    [2]
    Guo X L, Zheng G G. Advances in weather modification from 1997 to 2007 in China. Adv Atmos Sci, 2009, 26(2): 240-252. doi:  10.1007/s00376-009-0240-8
    [3]
    Xu H B. Practice and Theory Hail Suppression in China. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2021.
    [4]
    Zhang X P, Fan Z C. Research on safety risk assessment method of ground weather modification operation based on SCA-LEC model. J Arid Meteor, 2020, 38(6): 1037-1042.
    [5]
    Wu Y P. Research on the Working Mechanism of Meteorological Gas. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2018.
    [6]
    Guo X L, Fang C G, Lu G X, et al. Progresses of weather modification technologies and applications in China from 2008 to 2018. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2019, 30(6): 641-650. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20190601
    [7]
    Wu B, Wang D D, Li Y F, et al. A comprehensive observational analysis for the effects of gas cannons on clouds and precipitation. J Trop Meteor, 2022, 28(2): 237-251. doi:  10.46267/j.1006-8775.2022.018
    [8]
    Xiao H, Shu W X, Fu D H, et al. A review on the effect of sound waves upon the coalescence of aerosol and cloud and fog particles. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(3): 257-271. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20210301
    [9]
    Xu H B. Studies of Dynamics in Weather Modification. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2014.
    [10]
    Mao J T, Zheng G G. Discussions on some weather modification issues. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2006, 17(5): 643-646. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2006.05.015
    [11]
    Li D S, Zhang C C, Xu H B, et al. Current Situation and Prospects of Artificial Weather Modification: Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2002.
    [12]
    Wang W, Yao Z Y. Statistical estimation of artificial precipitation enhancement effectiveness in Beijing in 2006. Plateau Meteor, 2009, 28(1): 195-202.
    [13]
    Yao Z Y. Review of weather modification research in Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2006, 17(6): 786-795. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2006.06.016
    [14]
    Sun H Y, Xiao H, Wang Z H, et al. Modeling evaluations on effects for convectional cloud seeding with AgI-loading rocket to enhance precipitation. J Nanjing Inst Meteor, 2005, 28(2): 172-179. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1674-7097.2005.02.004
    [15]
    Xiao H, Yao Z Y. Test Technology of Weather Modification Effect//Guo Xueliang. Atmospheric Physics and Weather Modification. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2010: 602-626.
    [16]
    Fang B, Xiao H, Wang Z H, et al. Application of cluster analysis to the statistical assessment of the effect of artifical rain enhancement. J Nanjing Institute Meteor, 2005, 28(6): 739-745. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1674-7097.2005.06.003
    [17]
    Jia S, Yao Z Y. Case study on the convective clouds seeding effects in Yangtze-Huaihe Region. Meteor Mon, 2016, 42(2): 238-245.
    [18]
    Hu S P, Lin W, Lin C C, et al. Physical inspection of randomized trial for the artificial rain enhancement experiment at Gutian from 2014 to 2022. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2023, 34(6): 706-716. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20230606
    [19]
    Flossmann A I, Manton M, Abshaev A, et al. Review of advances in precipitation enhancement research. Bull Am Meteor Soc, 2019, 100(8): 1465-1480. doi:  10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0160.1
    [20]
    Chen B, Zhang S S, Feng J Q, et al. Primary study of application of new Doppler weather radar to artificial precipitation. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2003, 14(Suppl Ⅰ): 187-192.
    [21]
    Wang L, Liu L P. Algorithm and assessment of tracking seeding coverage in artificial precipitation enhancement. Meteor Mon, 2015, 41(1): 84-91.
    [22]
    Li Z, Wu C, Liu L P, et al. Error evaluation and hydrometeor classification method of dual polarization phased array radar. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2022, 33(1): 16-28. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20220102
    [23]
    Feng L, Xiao H, Sun Y. A study on hydrometeor classification and application based on X-band dual-polarization radar measurements. Climatic Environ Res, 2018, 23(3): 366-386.
    [24]
    Sun Y, Ren G, Sun H P, et al. Features of phased-array dual polarization radar observation during an anti-aircraft gun hail suppression operation. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2023, 34(1): 65-77. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20230106
    [25]
    Sun Y, Xiao H, Tian Y, et al. A nonlinear grid transformation method for extrapolating and predicting the convective echo of weather radar. Remote Sens, 2023, 15(5). DOI:  10.3390/rs15051406.
    [26]
    Sun Y, Xiao H, Yang H L, et al. A uniformity index for precipitation particle axis ratios derived from radar polarimetric parameters for the identification and analysis of raindrop areas. Remote Sens, 2023, 15(2). DOI:  10.3390/rs15020534.
    [27]
    Liu L P, Hu Z Q, Wu C. Development and application of dual linear polarization radar and phased-array radar. Adv Meteor Sci Tech, 2016, 6(3): 28-33.
    [28]
    Ni S C. Echo Analysis of Dual Polarization Radar for Artificial Precipitation Reduction in Nanjing Youth Olympic Games Opening and Closing Ceremonies. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 2017.
    [29]
    Ma S Q, Chen H B, Wang G R, et al. Design and initial implementation of array weather radar. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2019, 30(1): 1-12. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20190101
    [30]
    Wu C, Liu L P. Comparison of the observation capability of an X-band phased-array radar with an X-band Doppler radar and S-band operational radar. Adv Atmos Sci, 2014, 31(4): 814-824. doi:  10.1007/s00376-013-3072-5
    [31]
    Wu C, Liu L P, Wang X D, et al. The measurement influence of reflectivity factor caused by scanning mode from phased array radar. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2014, 25(4): 406-414. http://qikan.camscma.cn/article/id/20140403
    [32]
    Dong Y N, Liu F X, Sun H P, et al. A study on dynamic effect of hail suppression by anti-hail gun with phased array radar. Meteor Mon, 2023, 49(8): 995-1004.
    [33]
    Sun Y, Xiao H, Zhou Y J, et al. Method of calculating the irregular influence area in statistical assessment on the effect of aircraft rain enhancement based on VB and MO techniques. Meteor Mon, 2015, 41(1): 76-83.
    [34]
    Diao X G, Li F, Wan F J. Comparative analysis on dual polarization features of two severe hail supercells. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2022, 33(4): 414-428. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20220403
    [35]
    Zhang X, Huang X Y, Liu X A, et al. The hazardous convective storm monitoring of phased-array antenna radar at Daxing International Airport of Beijing. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2022, 33(2): 192-204. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20220206
    • Relative Articles
    • Supplements(0)
    • Cited By
  • 加载中
  • -->

Catalog

    Figures(10)  / Tables(2)

    Get Citation
    PDF
    XML
    Article views (395) PDF downloads(104) Cited by()
    • Received : 2023-10-24
    • Accepted : 2023-12-07
    • Published : 2024-01-31
    Journal Online
    Contact

    © 2020 Journal of Applied Meteorological Science   京ICP备15006967号-1

    Supported by Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return