Optimization and Simulation of Leader Propagation Rate Ratio in Multiple Upward Leader Model

Wang Xuewen; Tan Yongbo; Lin Yuhe; Wu Meng

doi:10.11898/1001-7313.20240209

Vol.35, NO.2, 2024

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Wang Xuewen, Tan Yongbo, Lin Yuhe, et al. Optimization and simulation of leader propagation rate ratio in multiple upward leader model. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2024, 35(2): 237-246. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20240209.

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Wang Xuewen, Tan Yongbo, Lin Yuhe, et al. Optimization and simulation of leader propagation rate ratio in multiple upward leader model. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2024, 35(2): 237-246. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20240209.

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Optimization and Simulation of Leader Propagation Rate Ratio in Multiple Upward Leader Model

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20240209

Wang Xuewen^{1, 2},
Tan Yongbo^{1
,
,},
Lin Yuhe¹,
Wu Meng¹

1.
Emergency Management College, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044
2.
State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory of Lightning, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081

Received Date: 2023-11-29
Rev Recd Date: 2024-01-25
Publish Date: 2024-03-31

Abstract

Abstract

During the process of cloud-to-ground lightning connection, the propagation of downward leader to the near-ground area can elevate the electric field at one or several points on the surface of ground tip object to the breakdown threshold of surrounding air, initiating one or more upward leaders, which are known as multiple upward leaders. The emergence of tall buildings has led to an increase in the number of observations of upward lightning strikes on different buildings or the same building. The presence of multiple upward leaders means that multiple parts of the building may be struck. Conducting simulation experiments to study the mechanism of the multiple upward leader phenomenon is of great significance for developing lightning protection. The relative velocity ratio of the downward and upward leaders may be one of the key factors in the lightning connection process. The relative speed ratio of leader propagation in random lightning connection mode cannot accurately describe the relative distance ratio of downward and upward leader propagation. Taking into account the optical observation facts and the electric field environment during thunderstorms, the background electric field module setting is improved on the basis of the existing three-dimensional random mode for multiple upward leaders. It also incorporates a relative propagation speed module for the downward negative and upward positive leaders, establishing the relative propagation speed of leaders according to their propagation distance. Applying the new model to simulate multiple upward leader phenomena triggered by a flat-roofed single building, compared with the previous version, parameters of the new model, such as flash distance and upward leader length, show better consistency with natural lightning. On this basis, the lightning connection process on the high-rise buildings in the Pearl River New Town is simulated, and the improved model can more accurately replicate the lightning occurrence patterns of complex buildings. Characteristic parameters of lightning strikes on urban building clusters are mainly determined by factors such as the shape characteristics, relative position, and relative height of each building. The distance at which lightning strikes buildings is positively correlated with their height. The probability of lightning strikes, the distance of lightning strikes, and other parameters of buildings with similar shapes in the same building group are relatively consistent during ground lightning activities. However, there are still special events that occur when a branch of the downward leader is in close spatial proximity to the building, causing the upward leader to initiate at the top of the building and connect to it.
- leader speed;
- building clusters;
- multiple upward leaders;
- connection process;
- numerical simulation

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References(38)

Figures and Tables

图 1 先导相对发展示意图

(黑色几何体为建筑物，蓝线为下行负先导已发展通道，黑线为上行正先导已发展通道，红线为该段时间步长内新发展的下行与上行先导通道点)

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of relative development of leaders

(the black geometric body denotes the building, the blue line denotes the development for downward negative leader, the black line denotes the development of a positive leading channel for the upward positive leader, the red line denotes the new development of downward and upward leader points within this time step)

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图 2 模式改进前后模拟地闪个例对比

(黑色几何体为建筑物，蓝线为下行负先导，红线为上行正先导，下同) (a)模式改进前，(b)改进背景电场模块后，(c)改进背景电场与先导相对传播模块后

Fig. 2 Comparison of simulated cloud-to-ground lightning cases before and after model modification

(the black geometric body denotes the building, the blue line denotes the downward negative leader, the red line denotes the upward positive leader, similarly hereinafter) (a)before model improved, (b)after the background electric field module in the model improved, (c)after the background electric field and leader relative propagation module of the model improved

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Fig. 3 Simulation of a cloud-to-ground lightning case

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Table 1 Statistical results of striking distance and upward leader length at different building heights before and after model improved

建筑物高度/m	闪击距/m		上行先导最大长度/m
建筑物高度/m	改进前	改进后	改进前	改进后
100	25~166.6	89.2~229.9	5~76	79~187
200	25~261.2	263.9~456.7	12~159	165~282
300	30~306.8	332.8~520.8	17~267	213~418
400	30~317.1	404.4~613.8	22~345	376~489
500	30~330.2	412.4~737.0	21~378	405~549

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Table 2 Comparison of observations and simulation results of high-rise buildings in the Pearl River New Town, Guangzhou

建筑物	高度/m	观测		模拟
建筑物	高度/m	平均2D闪击距/m	仅1个上行连接先导的概率/%	平均3D闪击距/m	仅1个上行连接先导的概率/%
广州塔	600	920	82	679.8	73
东塔	530	280	36	344.3	14
西塔	440	590	89	205.0	58
广晟国际大厦	360	530	91	367.9	84
珠江城	318			244.8	20
利通大厦	310			241.0	0
越秀金融大厦	310			175.5	0
富力盈凯大厦	303

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