Chen Yi, Guo Shuzheng, Zhang Tiantian, et al. Variations of ozone concentration with its impacts on cities of Xizang. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2024, 35(6): 715-724. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20240607.
Citation: Chen Yi, Guo Shuzheng, Zhang Tiantian, et al. Variations of ozone concentration with its impacts on cities of Xizang. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2024, 35(6): 715-724. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20240607.

Variations of Ozone Concentration with Its Impacts on Cities of Xizang

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  • Under the harsh environmental conditions characterized by intense ultraviolet radiation and elevated ozone (O3) background, the temporal dynamics of atmospheric O3 concentrations and their associated environmental ramifications in the densely populated and emission-concentrated urban regions of the Tibetan Plateau have garnered considerable scientific interest. This comprehensive study meticulously compiles O3 concentration data spanning 2015 to 2023 from 7 cities of Xizang, conducting rigorous trend analyses and employing a robust suite of 13 risk assessment indicators to gauge the implications for human health and ecological vegetation. It shows that O3 concentrations of these cities demonstrate significant geographical variations, with the central city of Lhasa recording the highest O3 mass concentration, while those in the southern cities of Shannan and Rikaze are relatively lower. O3 concentrations of Nagqu, located in the north, are comparable to those of Lhasa and are significantly higher than those of Ali in the west, as well as those of Linzhi and Changdu in the east Plateau. O3 concentrations of Changdu and Linzhi peak in June and March-April, respectively, while the other cities reach their peaks in May. Since 2015, interannual variations in O3 concentrations of Ali, Nagqu, Lhasa, and Linzhi do not show statistically significant trends. In contrast, Shannan, Rikaze, and Changdu experience significant increases in concentration. Specifically, AMDA8_max and AMDA8_4th in Rikaze and Changdu increase significantly, whereas the other cities show decreasing trends. Similarly, both NDGT90 and NDGT70 exhibit comparable trends. SOMO35 indicator, which indicates human health risks, and AOT40 and W126 indicators, which are closely related to ecological vegetation and crop growth, show a high degree of consistency in their trends relative to diurnal O3 concentration changes. In Lhasa, values of these indicators exceed safety thresholds, particularly during spring and summer, highlighting the combined effect of high background O3 concentrations in the Plateau and intensified O3 photochemical formation due to anthropogenic emissions, posing potential threats to human health and ecosystems. Although the current O3-related risk indicators of Rikaze and Changdu have not yet reached critical levels, their significant upward trends should not be overlooked. With the continuous rise in anthropogenic pollutant emissions in the region, adverse effects of O3 photochemical formation are anticipated to intensify. Therefore, there is an urgent need to enhance monitoring and assessment in these cities and to implement effective measures to mitigate or control O3 pollution, thereby safeguarding regional environmental security and promoting sustainable development.
  • Fig  1.   Averaged annual variation(a) and diurnal variation(b) of O3 mass concentrations of 7 cities in Xizang

    Fig  2.   Comparison of O3 exposure risk metric among 7 cities in Xizang

    Fig  3.   Averaged seasonal variations in SdAVG of 7 cities in Xizang

    Fig  4.   Seasonal variations in AOT40 of 7 cities in Xizang

    Fig  5.   Seasonal variations in W126 of 7 cities in Xizang

    Table  1   Definition of O3 evaluation metrics

    指标名称 简称 单位 主要用途 文献来源
    所有小时O3质量浓度年平均值 AAVG μg·m-3 环境变化 [14]
    所有白天(10:00—21:59)小时O3质量浓度年平均值 AdAVG μg·m-3 环境变化 [14]
    不同季节所有小时O3质量浓度平均值 SAVG μg·m-3 环境变化 [14]
    不同季节白天(10:00—21:59)小时O3质量浓度平均值 SdAVG μg·m-3 环境变化 [14]
    日连续8 h平均O3质量浓度最大值 MDA8 μg·m-3 人体健康
    日连续8 h平均O3质量浓度年最大值 AMDA8_max μg·m-3 人体健康 [14]
    日连续8 h O3质量浓度年第4高值 AMDA8_4th μg·m-3 人体健康 [14]
    日连续8 h O3质量浓度最大值与69 μg·m-3正差值的年总和 SOMO35 μg·m-3·d 人体健康 [21]
    日连续8 h O3质量浓度最大值与69 μg·m-3之间的正差值的季节总和 SSOMO35 μg·m-3·d 人体健康 [21]
    每年MDA8大于176 μg·m-3的日数 NDGT90 d 人体健康 [14]
    每年MDA8大于137 μg·m-3的日数 NDGT70 d 人体健康 [14]
    3个月内所有白天(10:00—21:59)小时O3质量浓度与78 μg·m-3正差值总和 AOT40 μg·m-3·h 生态植被 [22]
    3个月内所有白天(10:00—21:59)小时O3浓度质量加权总和 W126 μg·m-3·h 生态植被 [23]
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table  2   Variations in annual O3 mass concentrations of 7 cities in Xizang(unit:μg·m-3)

    年份 阿里 那曲 拉萨 山南 日喀则 林芝 昌都
    2015 63.3±29.2 64.8±31.7 80.1±33.1 75.2±27.4 52.3±27.8 68.0±28.8 58.4±25.1
    2016 67.4±36.4 75.4±28.6 77.2±38.6 78.2±36.6 33.3±22.3 62.1±28.4 42.9±18.0
    2017 64.5±33.9 84.4±33.3 73.9±31.5 73.7±31.7 46.0±21.4 69.0±29.0 89.7±31.7
    2018 64.7±32.1 85.8±31.9 80.7±32.5 82.1±31.7 53.7±24.3 75.2±30.0 79.9±32.1
    2019 57.2±28.4 78.8±26.8 75.8±29.8 79.3±32.5 56.6±24.3 67.6±25.3 78.6±30.2
    2020 60.0±25.9 74.6±26.3 72.1±28.8 80.1±29.8 61.5±24.7 65.0±25.9 89.9±32.7
    2021 66.4±27.6 74.3±25.5 73.9±27.0 80.5±29.6 72.9±31.0 62.1±25.1 96.4±30.8
    2022 68.6±26.6 83.9±27.0 82.3±26.1 84.6±29.2 77.0±29.2 68.4±24.1 98.2±29.8
    2023 67.8±29.0 80.5±26.8 87.2±33.1 82.7±31.2 80.3±27.8 71.9±28.0 92.5±29.2
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table  3   Annual trends in different O3 metrics of 7 cities in Xizang

    城市 AAVG/(μg·m-3·a-1) AdAVG/(μg·m-3·a-1) AMDA8_max/(μg·m-3·a-1) AMDA8_4th/(μg·m-3·a-1) SOMO35/(μg·m-3·a-1) NDGT90/(d·a-1) NDGT70/(d·a-1)
    阿里 0.18 -0.19 -6.50* -0.66 -120 -0* -2
    那曲 0.48 0.39 -1.34 -1.29 9 -0 -1
    拉萨 0.30 -0.02 -2.01* -1.32 -30 -1 -2
    山南 0.51* 0.50* -1.49 -0.12 121 -0 2
    日喀则 2.60* 2.76* 2.66 2.82* 613* -0 2*
    林芝 0.09 -0.08 -2.82 -0.87 -43 -0 -1
    昌都 2.76* 3.02* 3.53 3.56* 731* 1 7*
    注:* 表示达到0.05显著性水平。
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table  4   Trends of O3 metrics in different seasons of 7 cities in Xizang

    城市 季节 SAVG/(μg·m-3·a-1) SdAVG/(μg·m-3·a-1) SSOMO35/(μg·m-3·d·a-1) AOT40/(μg·m-3·h·a-1) W126/(μg·m-3·h·a-1)
    阿里 0.13 -0.25 -34 -216 -551
    -0.01 -0.37 -55 -261 -366
    0.28 -0.17 -29 -157 -87
    -0.06 -0.32 -45 -261 -178
    那曲 1.34 1.34 84 729 500
    -0.23 -0.36 -34 -279 -453
    -0.08 -0.31 -35 -218 -169
    -0.46 -0.57 -80 -484 -350
    拉萨 0.01 -0.38 -46 -133 -614
    0.07 -0.23 -26 -206 -366
    0.81 0.33 24 229 195
    -0.11 -0.12 -37 -189 -110
    山南 0.62 0.69 58 776 938
    0.64 0.67 44 411 519
    0.48 0.35 27 258* 169
    -0.35 -0.18 -50 -261 -228
    日喀则 2.33* 2.41* 211* 1832* 1849*
    3.00* 3.31* 208* 1639* 1686*
    2.75* 2.79* 145* 777 539*
    2.07* 2.11* 59 278 166
    林芝 0.16 -0.01 -6 80 -111
    -0.01 -0.26 -27 -194 -215
    -0.01 -0.18 -16 -112 -48
    -0.38 -0.41 -51 -280 -188
    昌都 2.56 2.75 207* 1931* 2370*
    3.87* 4.26* 338* 3015* 4169*
    2.55* 2.83* 172* 1168* 949
    1.75 2.06 68 399 255
    注:* 表示达到0.05显著性水平。
    DownLoad: CSV
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    • Received : 2024-07-03
    • Accepted : 2024-09-08
    • Published : 2024-11-29

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