Vol.22, NO.4, 2011
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Ye Chen, Wang Jianjie, Zhang Wenlong. Formation mechanism of the snowstorm over Beijing in early winter of 2009. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2011, 22(4): 398-410.
Citation: Ye Chen, Wang Jianjie, Zhang Wenlong. Formation mechanism of the snowstorm over Beijing in early winter of 2009. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2011, 22(4): 398-410.
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Formation Mechanism of the Snowstorm over Beijing in Early Winter of 2009

  • 1.

    Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081

  • 2.

    Beijing Meteorological Bureau, Beijing 100089

  • 3.

    Institute of Urban Meteorology, CMA, Beijing 100089

  • Received Date: 2010-12-29
  • Rev Recd Date: 2011-04-20
  • Publish Date: 2011-08-31
    Abstract
  • Using a variety of high spatial and temporal resolution observation data, an in-depth observation analysis is carried out on the formation and development mechanism of a snowstorm case happened on 1 Nov 2009 over Beijing and notable by its nature of the most early winter snowstorm in the past 60 years in Beijing. It shows that the snowstorm occurs under the favorable large scale atmospheric conditions. The enhanced 500 hPa trough over East Asian region together with the low level occluded front in Taihang and Yan mountain areas of North China provided strong forcing for the snowstorm. The occluded front is a terrain-driven cold-style occluded front system due to the encounter of the low level (below 1500 m) northwest to southeast cold air with the Taihang and Yan mountains. The low level cold air turns its original moving direction into west, and results in the moisture feeding to the occluded front zone from two different directions (the Bohai Sea and the edge of the water vapor-rich region in southern China).It shows that the snowstorm is the result of the low level occluded front, and precipitation distribution of 1101 process in 2009 is decided by the eastward-tilting structure of the occluded front, and Beijing is just located in the favorable front zone (the east side to the top of surface occluded front). Because vertical structure (below 1500 m) of the occluded front is shallower than the classic occluded front developed from the typical frontal cyclone, the vertical motion of the snowstorm case is not very strong. Therefore, its precipitation distributes evenly with time but lasts about 15 hours (rain first then it turns into snow) with large amount of the accumulated precipitation. The observation analysis based on wind profile suggests that the occluded front weakens from its bottom to top, which is caused by the cold air invading to the mature occluded front zone starting from layers below 500—800 m and then extending upward.Furthermore, the diagnosis shows that the precipitation transits from rain to snow because the surface air temperature decreases to near freezing point rapidly. The mechanisms for the temperature drop are not the same in different stages of precipitation. Evaporative cooling of the rainfall is the main contributor to the temperature drop before snowfall (from 00:00 to 08:00 on 1 November), while the low-level cold air advection plays the key role for maintaining lower air temperature during the whole snowfall period from 08:00 to 14:00 on 1 November in 2009.
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    References(33)

  • Fig. 1  The precipitation distribution of 1101 process

    (a) the precipitation from 08:00 to 14:00 on 1 Nov 2009 in Beijing, (b) time series of precipitation, surface temperature on 1 Nov 2009 at Shijingshan Station

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    Fig. 2  The precipitation distribution over the central and east of China from 20:00 31 Oct to 20:00 1 Nov in 2009(unit:mm)

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    Fig. 3  The circulation characteristics of 1101 process (a)500 hPa geopotential height (solid line, unit:dagpm) and temperature (dashed line, unit:℃) at 20:00 31 Oct 2009, (b)850 hPa geopotential height (solid line, unit:dagpm), temperature (dashed line, unit:℃), specific humidity (shaded) and wind at 20:00 31 Oct 2009, (c) the surface observation plots and front evolution at 08:00 1 Nov 2009 (solid line: sea level pressure, unit:hPa; black circle: the concentrated area of snow)

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    Fig. 4  Time evolution of sea level pressure isoline of 1030 hPa and Mongolia high from 31 Oct to 1 Nov in 2009

    (black line is for the topographic contour; within the green line is snowfall area; within the brown dashed line is the area with relatively high topography)

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    Fig. 5  The water vapor distribution of 1101 process in 2009

    (a) specific humidity (shaded) and thermal advection (solid line, unit:10-5℃·s-1) of 925 hPa at 02:00 1 Nov 2009, (b) composite vector (arrow), modulus (contour, unit:g·hPa-1·cm-1·s-1) and divergence (shaded) of 925 hPa moisture flux at 02:00 1 Nov 2009, (c) cross section of horizontal wind through the time-height plane at 37°N, 114.5°E (south of Beijing)

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    Fig. 6  Vertical sections along the brown line in Fig. 4 at 02:00 1 Nov 2009

    (a) thermal advection (contour, unit: 10-5 ℃·s-1) and vertical velocity (shaded), (b) potential temperature (contour, unit:K) and the projection of horizontal wind combined with vertical wind (vector)

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    Fig. 7  Radar reflectivity at 1.5° elevation (a) and vertical sections along the black line (b) at 02:00 1 Nov 2009 of Beijing Weather Observatory

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    Fig. 8  The wind field characteristics of stations (a) wind profile at Haidian Station, (b) radar PPI velocity of 1.5° at 10:00 1 Nov 2009 of Beijing Weather Observatory

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    Fig. 9  The contribution of every item in formula 1 to 6 h temperature fluctuation in 975 hPa and 950 hPa

    (solid line is ∂T/∂t; dotted-dashad line is-V·∇hT-ω·∂T/∂P; dashed line is dT/dt)

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    Fig. 10  Time series of surface half-hour temperature variation at Haidian Station

    (broken line is for the period of 1101 process from 15:00 31 Oct to 15:00 1 Nov in 2009; solid line is for the comparision period of no precipitation which is the average of 15:00 27 Oct to 15:00 28 Oct in 2009 and from 15:00 28 Oct to 15:00 29 Oct in 2009; box Ⅰ and box Ⅱ denote the periods of rainfall and snowfall, respectively)

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    Fig. 11  Time series of precipitation, relative humidity of AWS and the time series of the 0℃ level height, temperature at different height of microwave radiometer observations in Beijing Weather Observatory

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    Fig. 12  Cross section of thermal advection through the time-height plane at 40°N, 116°E

    (unit:10-5℃·s-1)

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    • Received : 2010-12-29
    • Accepted : 2011-04-20
    • Published : 2011-08-31
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