Regional Emissions of Gaseous Pollutants Based on Observations

Li Yang; Xu Xiaobin; Lin Weili; Zhao Huarong

Vol.23, NO.1, 2012

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Article Navigation > Journal of Applied Meteorological Science > 2012 > 23(1): 10-19

Li Yang, Xu Xiaobin, Lin Weili, et al. Regional emissions of gaseous pollutants based on observations. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2012, 23(1): 10-19.

Citation:

Li Yang, Xu Xiaobin, Lin Weili, et al. Regional emissions of gaseous pollutants based on observations. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2012, 23(1): 10-19.

Li Yang, Xu Xiaobin, Lin Weili, et al. Regional emissions of gaseous pollutants based on observations. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2012, 23(1): 10-19.

Citation:

Li Yang, Xu Xiaobin, Lin Weili, et al. Regional emissions of gaseous pollutants based on observations. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2012, 23(1): 10-19.

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Regional Emissions of Gaseous Pollutants Based on Observations

1.
Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081
2.
CMA Center for Atmosphere Watch & Services, CMA Meteorological Observation Center, Beijing 100081

Received Date: 2011-04-08
Rev Recd Date: 2011-10-08
Publish Date: 2012-02-29

Abstract

Abstract

Measurements of ambient CO, NO_x and SO₂ made at Gucheng Station, Hebei Province, China from September 2006 to August 2007 are analyzed and applied to the validation of emission inventory data. It shows that the concentrations of these gases are significantly correlated among each other, suggesting that the gases have common sources. The concentration ratios of CO to NO_x, CO to SO₂ and SO₂ to NO_x for the entire day, daytime and nighttime in different seasons are obtained based on the slopes of the respective correlation lines. The results show that the seasonal variations of the ratios are not very high and the correlations of CO and NO_x, CO and SO₂, SO₂ and NO_x in winter are more significant than those in other seasons. There is large difference between the daytime and nighttime in the ratio of CO to NO_x, particularly in the warmer seasons, indicating strong photochemical impact on the ratio of CO to NO_x. There are certain dependences of the gas concentrations and the concentration ratios on wind directions, reflecting the different impacts of sources from different wind sectors. The prevailing surface wind directions at the Gucheng Station are northeast and southwest, facilitating the transport of plumes from Beijing and Baoding, respectively. When winds come from the north sector (Beijing), surface concentrations of CO and NO_x are significantly higher than those from other directions, and when the winds come from south sector (Baoding, Shijiazhuang), surface concentration of SO₂ is significantly higher than that from other directions. The characteristics of pollutants in different wind directions may reflect the characteristics of pollution sources in different directions. The concentration ratios from the observations are compared with emission ratios derived from the emission inventories (INTEX-B, TRACE-P, REAS, HB). To avoid the influences from inadequate vertical mixing and strong photochemistry, only afternoon data in seasons other than summer are considered. Under this condition, the observed concentration ratios are 43.7 and 31.6 for CO to SO₂ and for CO to NO_x, respectively, which are 2—12 times higher than the respective emission ratios derived from the emission inventories. This result suggests that CO emission may be underestimated by more than two times in the emission inventories. Further studies show that CO emission from biomass combustion, especially the large-scale straw combustion in harvest seasons would be the important but greatly underestimated source. The analysis of the observation data indicates that the average CO level in open straw burning periods is (90%±30%) higher than that in the other periods under similar meteorological conditions. So far, biofuels are still used for cooking and heating by rural families in many Chinese regions and open burning of agricultural residues is often not effectively controlled. In the future, the impacts of emissions from agricultural straw burning on the emission strengths should be given more attention in the process of making and using the emission inventories.
- SO₂;
- NO_x;
- CO;
- emission ratio;
- Gucheng Station

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References(27)

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1 REAS emission strengths of CO, NO_x and SO₂ in North China

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Fig. 2 Correlations among CO, SO₂ and NO_x at Gucheng Station

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Fig. 3 Windroses of pollutant concentrations and their ratios at Gucheng Station

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Fig. 4 Average CO concentrations observed during the open biomass burning period and the normal period under different meteorological conditions and their ratios at Gucheng Station

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Table 1 Basic information about the emission inventories

名称	研究区域	基准年份	分辨率
INTEX-B	东亚	2006	0.5°×0.5°
REAS	东亚	2006	0.5°×0.5°
HB	华北	2003	0.1°×0.1°
TRACE-P	东亚	2000	1.0°×1.0°

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Table 2 Results of linear regression among CO, NO_x and SO₂ for different periods

季节	时段	CO与NO_x			CO与SO₂			SO₂与NO_x
季节	时段	斜率	截距/10^-9	相关系数	斜率	截距/10^-9	相关系数	斜率	截距/10^-9	相关系数
春季	全天	40.5	419	0.63	34.5	700	0.44	0.66	0.9	0.74
	白天	56.2	319	0.71	30.6	647	0.44	0.87	2.1	0.75
	夜晚	28.0	589	0.49	25.9	917	0.31	0.48	0.8	0.70
夏季	全天	32.4	592	0.24	59.6	593	0.43	0.40	2.3	0.41
	白天	60.7	226	0.50	28.0	618	0.60	1.42	-5.8	0.60
	夜晚	9.0	772	0.24	45.1	696	0.45	0.11	3.4	0.29
秋季	全天	38.6	162	0.75	22.9	1144	0.27	0.30	4.3	0.50
	白天	43.6	217	0.76	36.2	791	0.48	0.41	6.0	0.54
	夜晚	29.5	497	0.66	31.2	1436	0.30	0.20	2.5	0.45
冬季	全天	42.3	129	0.89	61.8	148	0.76	0.41	16.1	0.70
	白天	44.8	28	0.89	54.5	-102	0.79	0.56	15.4	0.77
	夜晚	39.9	246	0.86	58.0	727	0.72	0.38	13.3	0.66
全年	全天	38.4	326	0.82	49.9	599	0.73	0.54	1.5	0.81
	白天	39.4	446	0.82	42.0	560	0.72	0.68	3.8	0.82
	夜晚	36.1	388	0.82	53.3	869	0.72	0.46	-0.8	0.76
注：春、夏、秋、冬季节划分分别为3—5月、6—8月、9—11月和12月—次年2月；白天时段为08:00—19:59，夜晚时段为20:00—次日07:59。

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Table 3 INTEX-B emission strengths of CO, NO_x and SO₂ in Gucheng and Beijing (unit:10³ t·a^-1/grid)

地点	工业			居民			交通			电厂
地点	CO	NO_x	SO₂	CO	NO_x	SO₂	CO	NO_x	SO₂	CO	NO_x	SO₂
固城	13.6	0.7	0.3	14.4	0.2	0.4	22.7	2.2	0.1	0.3	1.1	2.3
北京	103.5	6.2	4.8	58.6	2.7	5.7	247.9	23.0	0.9	2.6	11.4	13.6

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Table 4 Emission ratio derived from the emission inventories in different areas around Gucheng Station

格点区域	INTEX-B		REAS		TRACE-P^*		HB
格点区域	CO与SO₂	CO与NO_x	CO与SO₂	CO与NO_x	CO与SO₂	CO与NO_x	CO与SO₂	CO与NO_x
固城站北和东北方向 (38.75°~ 41.25°N，115.25°~117.25°E)	10.1	8.7	3.7	5.7	5.8	10.2	12.6	11.4
固城站南和西南方向 (37.25°~ 38.75°N，113.75°~115.25°E)	5.2	11.3	5.3	14.9	3.5	8.0	14.3	9.1
北京 (39.75°~40.25°N， 115.75°~116.25°E)	16.5	9.5	6.5	11.9	3.5	6.8	13.6	9.7
保定 (38.25°~38.75°N， 115.25°~115.75°E)	7.4	13.1	3.7	12.0	4.7	10.5	14.5	19.1
固城站 (38.75°~39.25°N， 115.25°~115.75°E)	16.4	12.0	6.4	19.4	9.4	15.6	7.5	16.1
注：*TRACE-P中固城站北和东北方向的区域范围为38°~41°N，115°~117°E；固城站南和西南方向的区域范围为37°~39°N，113°~115°E；北京的区域范围为39°~40°N，116°~117°E；保定的区域范围为38°~39°N，115°~116°E；固城站的区域范围为39°~40°N，115°~116°E。

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