Cao Zhiqiang, Wang Xin. Cloud characteristics and synoptic background associated with severe convective storms. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2013, 24(3): 365-372.
Citation: Cao Zhiqiang, Wang Xin. Cloud characteristics and synoptic background associated with severe convective storms. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2013, 24(3): 365-372.

Cloud Characteristics and Synoptic Background Associated with Severe Convective Storms

  • Received Date: 2012-07-31
  • Rev Recd Date: 2013-02-27
  • Publish Date: 2013-06-30
  • Severe convective storms happened during 2005—2011 are analyzed and classified into four types based on cloud characteristics and synoptic background. Type Ⅰ locates within the cold air mass, Type Ⅱ is in the rear of westerly trough or cold vortex cloud systems, Type Ⅲ is in Meiyu front or shear line and Type Ⅳ is in the upper trough system which moves eastward from the Tibetan Plateau.Type Ⅰ usually happens in North China, the Huanghuai or Jianghuai areas. Hail, gale and tornados always arise from them. Before severe convective storms initiation, large scale cloud band of front or shear line always appears at the Jiangnan Area or South China. North of the large scale cloud band is the place where the severe convective storms will initiate, where the upper airflow is eastward or southeastward. Cumulus clusters or short troughs moving along the upper airflow are the key factor of the strong convection initiation.Type Ⅱ usually occurs at the east of China and the north of the Yangtze, and the main disaster is thunderstorm, hail and gale. When the water vapor content is plenty, heavy rainfall can also appear. The place where the severe convective storms will initiate is at the rear of the cloud band corresponding to the weather system. North of the cloud band, the anticyclone dry air intrusion is the main characteristics. Although there are weather systems both at the upper and lower altitude, the storms are still difficult to forecast.Type Ⅲ commonly happens during Meiyu period at the Jianghuai, Jiangnan areas or South China. The main disaster is heavy rainfall. There are some meso-scale convective systems imbedded in Meiyu front or shear line cloud band, maintaining for a long time. On water vapor channel image of satellite, the north border of the cloud band is usually trimly, which commonly go with the upper level jet. The south border of the cloud band is usually composed of feather style cirrus cloud. On cloud-derived wind field, the distance between the upper jet stream north of the cloud band and the upper anticyclone ridge is near.Type Ⅳ commonly happens at the east of Southwest China and the west of South China. The main disasters are torrential floods and mudslides. These severe convective storms usually happen at the northwest of subtropical anticyclone when the monsoon is active. The key factor that make them happen is the short trough moving from the Tibetan Plateau, which corresponds to a cloud band. Dark area or dark band after the cloud band can be seen on water vapor images.
  • Fig. 1  Analysis figures of case on 3 June 2009

    (a) geopotential height field (unit:dagpm) and wind vectors at 500 hPa at 0800 BT, (b) water vapor image of FY-2C and 300 hPa potential vorticity (unit:PVU) at 1100 BT, (c) potential temperature (solid lines, unit: K) and relative humidity (shaded area, unit:%) alone the line in Fig. 1b, (d) visible image of FY-2C at 1100 BT

    Fig. 2  Water vapor image of FY-2C on 18 July 2007

    (a) 0800 BT, (b) 1400 BT

    Fig. 3  500 hPa geopotential height field (unit:dagpm) and 700 hPa wind field at 1400 BT 18 July 2007

    Fig. 4  Analysis figures of 3 July 2007 and 8 July 2007

    (a) 500 hPa geopotential height field (unit:dagpm) and 850 hPa wind vectors at 1400 BT 3 July 2007, (b) 500 hPa geopotential height field (unit:dagpm) and 850 hPa wind vectors at 1400 BT 8 July 2007, (c) water vepor image and cloud-derived wind at 1930 BT 3 July 2007, (d) water vapor image and cloud-derived wind at 1930 BT 8 July 2007

    Fig. 5  Water vapor image of FY-2E at 0000 BT 6 June 2011 (a) and at 0000 BT 17 June 2011 (b)

    Table  1  Cases of the severe convective storms within the cold air mass

    日期 地点 主要灾害
    2005-04-20 江苏、安徽 冰雹、龙卷
    2005-04-25 山东、江苏 冰雹、龙卷
    2006-07-05 河北、山东 大风、冰雹
    2009-06-03 山西、河南 大风、雷电
    2009-06-14 河南、安徽、江苏 大风、雷电、冰雹
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    Table  2  Cases of the severe convective storms at the rear of westerly trough or cold vortex cloud systems

    日期 地点 主要灾害
    2005-06-14 辽宁、山东、江苏 雷暴
    2007-07-18 山东、河南 短时强降水
    2009-06-05 山东、江苏、安徽 大风、雷电、冰雹
    2010-08-07 甘肃、陕西 短时强降水
    2010-08-08—09 山东、河北、山西、陕西 雷暴
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    Table  3  Cases of the severe convective storms imbedded in Meiyu front or shear line

    日期 地点 主要灾害
    2007-06-06—09 贵州、广东、广西 暴雨
    2007-07-01—10 江淮、江南、江汉 暴雨、龙卷
    2009-07-02—03 江南、华南 暴雨
    2010-06-19—20 江南 暴雨
    2010-07-05—06 江南 暴雨
    2010-07-13—14 江南 暴雨
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    Table  4  Cases of the severe convective storms of upper trough moving eastward from the Tibetan Plateau

    日期 地点 主要灾害
    2006-06-12—13 贵州望谟、广西 暴雨、山洪
    2007-06-08—09 贵州、广西 暴雨、洪涝
    2009-07-30—31 四川 暴雨
    2009-08-28—29 四川、重庆 暴雨
    2010-06-16—17 贵州、广西、湖南 暴雨、山洪
    2011-06-05—06 贵州 暴雨、泥石流
    2011-06-16—17 四川、重庆 暴雨
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    • Received : 2012-07-31
    • Accepted : 2013-02-27
    • Published : 2013-06-30

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