Vol.25, NO.1, 2014
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Article Navigation >  Journal of Applied Meteorological Science  > 2014  >  25(1): 71-82
Zheng Yi, Gao Shanhong, Wu Zengmao. Observational analysis of cloud characteristics of the Bohai Sea-effect snowstorms. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2014, 25(1): 71-82.
Citation: Zheng Yi, Gao Shanhong, Wu Zengmao. Observational analysis of cloud characteristics of the Bohai Sea-effect snowstorms. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2014, 25(1): 71-82.
shu

Observational Analysis of Cloud Characteristics of the Bohai Sea-effect Snowstorms

  • 1.

    Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100

  • 2.

    Key Laberatory of Ocean-atmosphere Interction and Climate in Universities of Shandong, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100

  • Received Date: 2013-01-04
  • Rev Recd Date: 2013-10-30
  • Publish Date: 2014-01-31
    Abstract
  • Sea-effect snowstorm is a kind of typical local disastrous weather phenomena in winter of Shandong Province. The pioneering researches on snowstorm clouds usually focus on the period of snowfalls, but studies on their formation and development stages are rare. The clouds over the northern Shandong Peninsula usually are the southern edge of the sea-effect snowstorm clouds, and its evolution is closely relative to the main clouds over the Bohai Sea. 12 sea-effect snowstorm events during 2001—2010 over the Bohai Sea are investigated.First, stationary satellites (GMS-5, GOES-9, MTSAT) infrared data is used to investigate the evolution characteristics of snowstorm clouds, and combined with NECP FNL data, forming locations and moving features of different processes are classified. In addition, routine observation is used to analyze the corresponding relationship between snow and snowstorm clouds and the influence of the diabatic heating effect over the Bohai Sea. Finally, cloud profiling radar data of CloudSat are used to analyze the vertical structure and compositions of snowstorm clouds.The snowstorm clouds with different origins usually grow rapidly over the Bohai Sea, and among the clouds there are dense clouds with horizontal scale of 100—300 km in form of strips or a bulk, which is closely relative to the snowfall areas.The snowstorm clouds during their initial stages can be classified into three main categories according to their forming locations, near the Bohai Bay and the Laizhou Bay, the central part of the Bohai Sea, and near the Liaodong Bay. The movements of snowstorm clouds depend on winds at 850 hPa, and its dominant directions of movements can be classified into three types, by reference to the Bohai Strait move from west to east, from northwest to southeast, and from north to south, and finally the clouds reach the upper air of the northern Shandong Peninsula, which leads to its snowfalls.As cold winds move across long expanses of warmer water, the heat and moisture transport from the Bohai Sea warm surface upwards to its above cold air, defined as the Bohai sea-effect, results in the unstable conditions over the Bohai Sea. And meanwhile, the unstable conditions improve the shallow convection to intense, which results in the snowstorm clouds.The height of mature sea-effect snowstorm clouds can reach 4 km or so, and its ice-water mixture content has an average value of about 303 mg·m-3, its maximum is about 600 mg·m-3 and mainly distributes at 2 km height, and additionally the maximum and average values of ice effective radius is about 120 μm and 91 μm, respectively.
    • FullText(HTML)
    References(39)

  • Fig. 1  The terrain distribution of Shandong Peninsula and surroundings

    (▲ represents the Taihang Mountains; the dash line represents the boundaries of the Bohai Sea subregions; the contour represent elevation, unit:m)

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 2  Evolution of clouds of the sea-effect snow storm during 3—5 Dec 2005

    (color shaded represents cloud top brightness temperature; AB indicates the location of later vertical section)(a)2100 BT 3 Dec, (b)0200 BT 4 Dec, (c)0400 BT 4 Dec, (d)1000 BT 4 Dec, (e)1400 BT 4 Dec, (f)1000 BT 5 Dec

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 3  The same as in Fig. 2, but for the storm case during 3—5 Dec 2008

    (CD, EF, GH indicate the locations of later vertical section)(a)1200 BT 3 Dec, (b)0800 BT 4 Dec, (c)1000 BT 4 Dec, (d)2000 BT 4 Dec, (e)0200 BT 5 Dec, (f)1300 BT 5 Dec

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 4  Occurence time of observed maximal precipitation at several stations along Shandong Peninsula of the snowstorm on 4 Dec 2005

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 5  Time series of site temperatures from 1100 BT 03 Dec to 2000 BT 04 Dec in 2005(unit:℃)

    (a) Qinhuangdao Station, Changdao Station, Chengshantou Station, (b) Beijing Station, Jinan Station, Weifang Station

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 6  The vertical section from 500 to 1000 hPa along AB in Fig. 2a of pseudo-equivalent potential temperatures gradient (shaded, Δθse/Δp, Δp represents the vertical pressure interval of NCEP FNL data), pressure vertical velocity (black contours, unit:Pa·s-1), 6-h temperature tendency (red contours, unit:℃) and horizontal convergence of vapor (green contours, unit:10-5g·kg-1·s-1) in 2005

    (a)1400 BT 3 Dec, (b)2000 BT 3 Dec, (c)0200 BT 4 Dec, (d)0800 BT 4 Dec

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 7  The vertical section of reflectivity factor observed by CloudSat along CD at 1200 BT 3 Dec 2008(a), EF at 0200 BT 5 Dec 2008(b), GH at 1300 BT 5 Dec 2008(c) in Fig. 3

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 8  Vertical section of the CloudSat observations for the process during 3—5 Dec 2008 along CE, EF, GH in Fig. 3

    (a) ice-water mixture content along CD at 1200 BT 3 Dec, (b) ice effective radius along CD at 1200 BT 3 Dec, (c) ice-water mixture content along EF at 0200 BT 5 Dec, (d) ice effective radius along EF at 0200 BT 5 Dec, (e) ice-water mixture content along GH at 1300 BT 5 Dec, (f) ice effective radius along GH at 1300 BT 5 Dec

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Fig. 9  Composite reflectivity of Yantai Doppler radar at 2000 BT 4 Dec 2008

    (a) horizontal composite reflectivity, (b) vertical section of reflectivity along IJ in Fig. 9a

    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    Table  1  Typical sea-effect snowstorm processes over Shandong Peninsula from 2001 to 2010

    过程 日期 最大降雪
    站点    		 降雪量/mm 云团初始时次 生成源地 500 hPa
    天气形势    		 850 hPa
    高空风向
    1 2001-11-26 成山头 13.9 2001-11-25T10:00 渤海湾和莱州湾附近 西风槽 WNW
    2 2002-11-18 文登 18.4 2002-11-17T04:00 辽东湾附近 冷涡 NNW
    3 2003-01-04 文登 15.3 2003-01-03T01:00 渤海中部 冷涡 NW
    4 2004-01-21 烟台 11.3 2004-01-20T14:00 渤海中部 西风槽 NNW
    5 2005-12-04 荣成 27.0 2005-12-03T21:00 渤海中部 冷涡 NW
    6 2005-12-06
    2005-12-07    		 烟台
    威海    		 21.0
    24.4    		 2005-12-05T20:00 渤海中部 先槽后冷涡 WNW
    7 2005-12-11
    2005-12-12
    2005-12-13    		 烟台
    文登
    文登    		 12.4
    12.6
    12.6    		 2005-12-10T20:00 渤海中部 冷涡 NW
    8 2005-12-21 威海 18.3 2005-12-20T20:00 渤海中部 冷涡 WNW
    9 2006-12-17 牟平 13.4 2006-12-16T12:00 渤海中部 西风槽 NW
    10 2008-11-19 文登 10.9 2008-11-17T23:00 渤海中部 冷涡 NW
    11 2008-12-05 牟平 26.5 2008-12-04T08:00 渤海湾和莱州湾附近 冷涡 NW
    12 2010-12-30 荣成 22.6 2010-12-29T17:00 辽东湾附近 冷涡 NNW
    DownLoad: Download CSV
  • [1]
    Petterssen, Calabrese P A.On some weather influences due to warming of the air by the Great Lakes in winter. Journal of Meteorology, 1959, 16(6):646-652. doi:  10.1175/1520-0469(1959)016<0646:OSWIDT>2.0.CO;2
    [2]
    McVehill G E, Peace R L.Some Studies of Lake Effect Snowfall from Lake Erie//Proceedings of 8th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 1965:262-272.
    [3]
    Higuehi K.The band structure of snowfalls. J Meteor Soc Japan, 1963, 41(1):53-70. doi:  10.2151/jmsj1923.41.1_53
    [4]
    曹钢锋, 张善君, 朱官忠, 等.山东天气分析与预报.北京:气象出版社, 1988:292-298.
    [5]
    杨成芳, 王俊.利用单多普勒雷达资料做冷流暴雪的中尺度分析.高原气象, 2009, 28(5):1034-1043. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GYQX200905010.htm
    [6]
    林曲凤, 吴增茂, 梁玉海, 等.山东半岛一次强降雪过程中的中尺度特征分析.中国海洋大学学报:自然科学版, 2006, 36(6):908-914. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NJQX200801007.htm
    [7]
    朱先德, 吴增茂, 周淑玲, 等.2005年12月3—4日山东半岛暴雪准静止对流云带演变的分析.中国海洋大学学报:自然科学版, 2007, 37(增刊2):8-16. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QDHY2007S2003.htm
    [8]
    张勇, 寿绍文, 王咏青, 等.山东半岛一次强降雪过程的中尺度特征.南京气象学院学报, 2008, 31(1):51-60. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NJQX200801007.htm
    [9]
    于群, 周发琇, 王启.海洋影响下的山东半岛冷流降雪.华东师范大学学报, 2009(3):160-169. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HDSZ200903021.htm
    [10]
    李刚, 党英娜, 袁海豹.烟台冷流强降雪天气预报指标统计分析.山东气象, 2007, 27(3):24-27. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SDQX200703008.htm
    [11]
    崔宜少, 张丰启, 李建华, 等.2005年山东半岛连续三次冷流暴雪过程的分析.气象科学, 2008, 28(4):395-401. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXKX200804006.htm
    [12]
    方宗义, 覃丹宇.暴雨云团的卫星监测和研究进展.应用气象学报, 2006, 17(5):583-593. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20060501
    [13]
    刘健, 张文建, 朱元竞, 等.中尺度强暴雨云团云特征的多种卫星资料综合分析.应用气象学报, 2007, 18(2):158-164. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20070228
    [14]
    胡列群, 黄镇, 黄慰军, 等.MODIS数据云相态反演在一次暴雪过程中的应用.应用气象学报, 2012, 23(5):609-613. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20120512
    [15]
    周淑玲, 朱先德, 符长静, 等.山东半岛典型冷涡暴雪个例对流云及风场特征的观测与模拟.高原气象, 2009, 28(4):935-944. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GYQX200904026.htm
    [16]
    李建华, 崔宜少, 单宝臣.山东半岛低空冷流降雪分析研究.气象, 2007, 33(5):49-55. doi:  10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2007.05.007
    [17]
    周淑玲, 丛美环, 吴增茂, 等.2005年12月3—21日山东半岛持续性暴雪特征及维持机制.应用气象学报, 2008, 19(4):444-453. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20080408
    [18]
    Peace R L, Sykes R B.Mesoscale study of a lake effect snow storm. Mon Wea Rev, 1966, 94:495-507. doi:  10.1175/1520-0493(1966)094<0495:MSOALE>2.3.CO;2
    [19]
    Braham R R.The midwest snow storm of 8—11 December 1977. Mon Wea Rev, 1983, 111:253-272. doi:  10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<0253:TMSSOD>2.0.CO;2
    [20]
    Forbes G S, Merritt J H.Mesoscale vortices over the Great Lakes in wintertime. Mon Wea Rev, 1984, 112:377-381. doi:  10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<0377:MVOTGL>2.0.CO;2
    [21]
    David A R K, Ronald A S.A satellite study of cloud-band frequencies over the Great Lakes. J Appl Meteor, 1995, 34(9):2083-2090. doi:  10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<2083:ASSOCB>2.0.CO;2
    [22]
    Sento N, Koyuru I, Ryohei M, et al.A classification of snow clouds by Doppler radar observations at Nagaoka. Japan SOLA, 2005, 1:161-164. doi:  10.2151/sola.2005-042
    [23]
    Masataka M, Yoshinori Y, Takayo M, et al.The precipitation process in convective cells embedded in deep snow bands over the sea of Japan. J Meteor Soc Japan, 2003, 81(3):515-531. doi:  10.2151/jmsj.81.515
    [24]
    David M S, Derek S A, David J S, et al.Snowbands during the cold-air outbreak of 23 January 2003. Mon Wea Rev, 2004, 132:827-842. doi:  10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0827:SDTCOO>2.0.CO;2
    [25]
    Joshua J S, Kristovich A R, Hjelmfelt M R.Boundary layer and microphysical influences of natural cloud seeding on a lake-effect snow storm. Mon Wea Rev, 2006, 134(7):1842-1858. doi:  10.1175/MWR3151.1
    [26]
    [2010-12-31].http://weather.is.kochi-u.ac.jp/sat.
    [27]
    [2010-12-31].http://dss.ucar.edu.datazone.dsszone/ds083.2.
    [28]
    [2010-12-31].http://weather.cod.edu, http://www.atmos.albany.edu与中国海洋大学气象系VSAT接收站.
    [29]
    [2008-12-05].http://www.cloudsat.cira.colostate.edu/data_dist/OrderData.php.
    [30]
    周毓荃, 赵殊慧.CloudSat卫星及其在天气和云观测分析中的应用.南京气象学院学报, 2008, 31(5):603-614. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NJQX200805000.htm
    [31]
    尚博, 周毓荃, 刘建朝, 等.基于Cloudsat的降水和非降水云垂直特征.应用气象学报, 2012, 23(1):1-9. http://qikan.camscma.cn/jams/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20120101&flag=1
    [32]
    谢显泉.渤海冬季的冷流低云.气象, 1980, 6(2):25. doi:  10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.1980.02.013
    [33]
    张剑英.冬季半岛地区"冷流低云"的云图特征.山东气象, 1983(4):21-29. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SDQX198304005.htm
    [34]
    徐中华, 张修平.层积云降雪.山东气象, 1990(3):27-29. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QXXX199010012.htm
    [35]
    杨成芳. 渤海海效应暴雪的多尺度研究. 南京: 南京信息工程大学, 2010.
    [36]
    杨成芳, 周雪松.渤海海效应暴雪微物理过程的数值模拟.中国海洋大学学报:自然科学版, 2012, 42(增刊):10-17. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QDHY2012S1003.htm
    [37]
    朱营礼, 吴增茂, 林曲凤, 等.山东半岛冷流暴雪过程的个例分析.中国海洋大学学报:自然科学版, 2010, 40(增刊):1-7. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QDHY2010S1002.htm
    [38]
    杨成芳. 冷流暴雪的研究进展. 山东省气象局、中国海洋大学2011年联合学术交流会, 2011.
    [39]
    肖现, 廖菲, 肖辉, 等.北京对流性降水的雨滴尺寸分布瞬时特征与雷达降水的关系.热带气象学报, 2010, 26(4):445-451. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RDQX201004008.htm
    • Relative Articles
    • Supplements(0)
    • Cited By
  • 加载中
  • -->

Catalog

    Figures(9)  / Tables(1)

    Get Citation
    PDF
    XML
    Article views (2719) PDF downloads(620) Cited by()
    • Received : 2013-01-04
    • Accepted : 2013-10-30
    • Published : 2014-01-31
    Journal Online
    Contact

    © 2020 Journal of Applied Meteorological Science   京ICP备15006967号-1

    Supported by Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return