Vol.25, NO.1, 2014
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Article Navigation >  Journal of Applied Meteorological Science  > 2014  >  25(1): 71-82
Zheng Yi, Gao Shanhong, Wu Zengmao. Observational analysis of cloud characteristics of the Bohai Sea-effect snowstorms. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2014, 25(1): 71-82.
Citation: Zheng Yi, Gao Shanhong, Wu Zengmao. Observational analysis of cloud characteristics of the Bohai Sea-effect snowstorms. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2014, 25(1): 71-82.
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Observational Analysis of Cloud Characteristics of the Bohai Sea-effect Snowstorms

  • 1.

    Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100

  • 2.

    Key Laberatory of Ocean-atmosphere Interction and Climate in Universities of Shandong, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100

  • Received Date: 2013-01-04
  • Rev Recd Date: 2013-10-30
  • Publish Date: 2014-01-31
    Abstract
  • Sea-effect snowstorm is a kind of typical local disastrous weather phenomena in winter of Shandong Province. The pioneering researches on snowstorm clouds usually focus on the period of snowfalls, but studies on their formation and development stages are rare. The clouds over the northern Shandong Peninsula usually are the southern edge of the sea-effect snowstorm clouds, and its evolution is closely relative to the main clouds over the Bohai Sea. 12 sea-effect snowstorm events during 2001—2010 over the Bohai Sea are investigated.First, stationary satellites (GMS-5, GOES-9, MTSAT) infrared data is used to investigate the evolution characteristics of snowstorm clouds, and combined with NECP FNL data, forming locations and moving features of different processes are classified. In addition, routine observation is used to analyze the corresponding relationship between snow and snowstorm clouds and the influence of the diabatic heating effect over the Bohai Sea. Finally, cloud profiling radar data of CloudSat are used to analyze the vertical structure and compositions of snowstorm clouds.The snowstorm clouds with different origins usually grow rapidly over the Bohai Sea, and among the clouds there are dense clouds with horizontal scale of 100—300 km in form of strips or a bulk, which is closely relative to the snowfall areas.The snowstorm clouds during their initial stages can be classified into three main categories according to their forming locations, near the Bohai Bay and the Laizhou Bay, the central part of the Bohai Sea, and near the Liaodong Bay. The movements of snowstorm clouds depend on winds at 850 hPa, and its dominant directions of movements can be classified into three types, by reference to the Bohai Strait move from west to east, from northwest to southeast, and from north to south, and finally the clouds reach the upper air of the northern Shandong Peninsula, which leads to its snowfalls.As cold winds move across long expanses of warmer water, the heat and moisture transport from the Bohai Sea warm surface upwards to its above cold air, defined as the Bohai sea-effect, results in the unstable conditions over the Bohai Sea. And meanwhile, the unstable conditions improve the shallow convection to intense, which results in the snowstorm clouds.The height of mature sea-effect snowstorm clouds can reach 4 km or so, and its ice-water mixture content has an average value of about 303 mg·m-3, its maximum is about 600 mg·m-3 and mainly distributes at 2 km height, and additionally the maximum and average values of ice effective radius is about 120 μm and 91 μm, respectively.
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  • Fig. 1  The terrain distribution of Shandong Peninsula and surroundings

    (▲ represents the Taihang Mountains; the dash line represents the boundaries of the Bohai Sea subregions; the contour represent elevation, unit:m)

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    Fig. 2  Evolution of clouds of the sea-effect snow storm during 3—5 Dec 2005

    (color shaded represents cloud top brightness temperature; AB indicates the location of later vertical section)(a)2100 BT 3 Dec, (b)0200 BT 4 Dec, (c)0400 BT 4 Dec, (d)1000 BT 4 Dec, (e)1400 BT 4 Dec, (f)1000 BT 5 Dec

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    Fig. 3  The same as in Fig. 2, but for the storm case during 3—5 Dec 2008

    (CD, EF, GH indicate the locations of later vertical section)(a)1200 BT 3 Dec, (b)0800 BT 4 Dec, (c)1000 BT 4 Dec, (d)2000 BT 4 Dec, (e)0200 BT 5 Dec, (f)1300 BT 5 Dec

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    Fig. 4  Occurence time of observed maximal precipitation at several stations along Shandong Peninsula of the snowstorm on 4 Dec 2005

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    Fig. 5  Time series of site temperatures from 1100 BT 03 Dec to 2000 BT 04 Dec in 2005(unit:℃)

    (a) Qinhuangdao Station, Changdao Station, Chengshantou Station, (b) Beijing Station, Jinan Station, Weifang Station

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    Fig. 6  The vertical section from 500 to 1000 hPa along AB in Fig. 2a of pseudo-equivalent potential temperatures gradient (shaded, Δθse/Δp, Δp represents the vertical pressure interval of NCEP FNL data), pressure vertical velocity (black contours, unit:Pa·s-1), 6-h temperature tendency (red contours, unit:℃) and horizontal convergence of vapor (green contours, unit:10-5g·kg-1·s-1) in 2005

    (a)1400 BT 3 Dec, (b)2000 BT 3 Dec, (c)0200 BT 4 Dec, (d)0800 BT 4 Dec

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    Fig. 7  The vertical section of reflectivity factor observed by CloudSat along CD at 1200 BT 3 Dec 2008(a), EF at 0200 BT 5 Dec 2008(b), GH at 1300 BT 5 Dec 2008(c) in Fig. 3

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    Fig. 8  Vertical section of the CloudSat observations for the process during 3—5 Dec 2008 along CE, EF, GH in Fig. 3

    (a) ice-water mixture content along CD at 1200 BT 3 Dec, (b) ice effective radius along CD at 1200 BT 3 Dec, (c) ice-water mixture content along EF at 0200 BT 5 Dec, (d) ice effective radius along EF at 0200 BT 5 Dec, (e) ice-water mixture content along GH at 1300 BT 5 Dec, (f) ice effective radius along GH at 1300 BT 5 Dec

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    Fig. 9  Composite reflectivity of Yantai Doppler radar at 2000 BT 4 Dec 2008

    (a) horizontal composite reflectivity, (b) vertical section of reflectivity along IJ in Fig. 9a

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    Table  1  Typical sea-effect snowstorm processes over Shandong Peninsula from 2001 to 2010

    过程 日期 最大降雪
    站点    		 降雪量/mm 云团初始时次 生成源地 500 hPa
    天气形势    		 850 hPa
    高空风向
    1 2001-11-26 成山头 13.9 2001-11-25T10:00 渤海湾和莱州湾附近 西风槽 WNW
    2 2002-11-18 文登 18.4 2002-11-17T04:00 辽东湾附近 冷涡 NNW
    3 2003-01-04 文登 15.3 2003-01-03T01:00 渤海中部 冷涡 NW
    4 2004-01-21 烟台 11.3 2004-01-20T14:00 渤海中部 西风槽 NNW
    5 2005-12-04 荣成 27.0 2005-12-03T21:00 渤海中部 冷涡 NW
    6 2005-12-06
    2005-12-07    		 烟台
    威海    		 21.0
    24.4    		 2005-12-05T20:00 渤海中部 先槽后冷涡 WNW
    7 2005-12-11
    2005-12-12
    2005-12-13    		 烟台
    文登
    文登    		 12.4
    12.6
    12.6    		 2005-12-10T20:00 渤海中部 冷涡 NW
    8 2005-12-21 威海 18.3 2005-12-20T20:00 渤海中部 冷涡 WNW
    9 2006-12-17 牟平 13.4 2006-12-16T12:00 渤海中部 西风槽 NW
    10 2008-11-19 文登 10.9 2008-11-17T23:00 渤海中部 冷涡 NW
    11 2008-12-05 牟平 26.5 2008-12-04T08:00 渤海湾和莱州湾附近 冷涡 NW
    12 2010-12-30 荣成 22.6 2010-12-29T17:00 辽东湾附近 冷涡 NNW
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    • Received : 2013-01-04
    • Accepted : 2013-10-30
    • Published : 2014-01-31
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