Review on Inverted Charge Structure of Severe Storms

Zhang Yijun; Xu Liangtao; Zheng Dong; Wang Fei

Vol.25, NO.5, 2014

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Journal of Applied Meteorological Science > 2014 > 25(5): 513-526

Zhang Yijun, Xu Liangtao, Zheng Dong, et al. Review on inverted charge structure of severe storms. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2014, 25(5): 513-526.

Citation:

Zhang Yijun, Xu Liangtao, Zheng Dong, et al. Review on inverted charge structure of severe storms. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2014, 25(5): 513-526.

Zhang Yijun, Xu Liangtao, Zheng Dong, et al. Review on inverted charge structure of severe storms. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2014, 25(5): 513-526.

Citation:

Zhang Yijun, Xu Liangtao, Zheng Dong, et al. Review on inverted charge structure of severe storms. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2014, 25(5): 513-526.

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Review on Inverted Charge Structure of Severe Storms

1.
Laboratory of Lightning Physics and Protection Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081
2.
College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

Received Date: 2014-07-15
Rev Recd Date: 2014-07-30
Publish Date: 2014-09-30

Abstract

Abstract

The charge structure in storms is regarded as a bridge linking lightning activity with dynamic and microphysical conditions. An inverted charge structure is always seen in severe storms, which attracts much attention in recent years.Although the charge structure in thundercloud is complicated, the tripole charge structure could be used to describe the main discharging region. In general, the tripole charge structure is characterized by a negative charge region between levels of -10 ℃ and -25 ℃, accompanied by a respective positive charge region below and above the negative charge region. In 2000, lightning mapping array and electric field sounding are carried out in the experiment of Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS) organized by USA. Most case studies in this experiment indicate that the charge structure in severe storms is opposite to the normal charge structure, when original positive charge changes into negative charge, and vice versa. This new structure is called inverted charge structure.Related studies on the inverted charge structure are reviewed, focusing on the discovery, formation, relevant numerical simulation and the detection method. The inverted charge structure appears in the severe storms, resulting in the substantial positive cloud-to-ground lightning. Moreover, it is always associated with disastrous weather. The inverted charge structure doesn't appear in the beginning of storms, but in the special developing stage of storms.The inverted charge structure formation is associated with the strong ascending motion in severe storms, which makes the liquid water content change and influences the electrification process during the collision among different kinds of particles in the main electrification region. It will result in graupel charged positively and ice crystal charged negatively, implying the formation of the inverted charge structure. One view focuses on microphysical conditions, by which the charge separation is influenced during the collision of particles, and this physical process is defined as microphysically-inverted. Another view is, the inverted charge structure could be formed through the dynamic transport and wind shear in severe storms when the graupel is still charged negatively in the main electrification region, and this is defined as dynamically-inverted. The research on the latter is relatively scarce compared to the former.
- charge structure;
- inverted polarity;
- lightning detection;
- charge structure formation

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References(97)

Figures and Tables

图 1 正常 (a) 与反转 (b) 的三极性电荷结构垂直电场探空示意图^[19]

Fig. 1 Stylized profile of E_z in the normal (a) and inverted (b) tripole charge structure (from Reference [19])

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 三维电场的探空结果 (填色为雷达回波强度，黑色线为探空气球的移动路径，黑线上暗红色线段的长短和方向代表了探测点上场强的大小和方向)^[25]

Fig. 2 The electric field vectors (dark red line) along the path of sounding balloon (black line) (the shaded represents the radar reflectivity)(from Reference [25])

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 LMA探测的闪电辐射源^[25]

(a) 正极性云闪，(b) 负极性云闪

Fig. 3 Classification of the lightning radiation sources mapped by the LMA in terms of the parent storm charge for the positive-polarity (a) and negative-polarity cloud flashes (b)(from Reference [25])

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图 4 1988年5月31日反极性结构垂直场强气球探空^[8]

Fig. 4 The E_z profile of inverted charge structure on 31 May 1988 (from Reference [8])

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 利用LMA的推断的一次雹暴过程的电荷结构演变^[51]

Fig. 5 Summary of the vertical charge structure of the developing storm inferred from OK-LMA data during each analyzed period of its lifetime (from Reference [51])

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 正常 (a) 与反转 (b) 的三极性电荷结构中正、负偶极性概念

Fig. 6 The concept of positive dipole and negative dipole in the normal (a) and inverted (b) tripole structures

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