Vol.25, NO.6, 2014
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Article Navigation >  Journal of Applied Meteorological Science  > 2014  >  25(6): 741-750
Wang Xueliang, Zhang Kejie, Zhang Yijun, et al. Comparison of the number of thunderstorm days from lightning location system and artificial observations. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2014, 25(6): 741-750.
Citation: Wang Xueliang, Zhang Kejie, Zhang Yijun, et al. Comparison of the number of thunderstorm days from lightning location system and artificial observations. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2014, 25(6): 741-750.
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Comparison of the Number of Thunderstorm Days from Lightning Location System and Artificial Observations

  • 1.

    Lightning Protection Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430074

  • 2.

    Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081

  • Received Date: 2014-04-02
  • Rev Recd Date: 2014-09-09
  • Publish Date: 2014-11-30
    Abstract
  • Using the lightning location system (LLS) monitoring data of Hubei Province from 2007 to 2012 and 1983-2012 artificial observations, 25 meteorological stations with theoretical detection efficiency above 95% are selected to make a relative analysis on the number of thunderstorm days monitored by LLS with different monitoring radius (r) and artificial observations. Results show that annual mean thunderstorm days of artificial observations and LLS monitoring data agree mostly in the radius which range from 6.4 km to 10.2 km. In the circular area when r=7, 8, 9 km, the difference is minimum, with the average difference of about 19%. When r≤7 km, the annual mean thunderstorm days from LLS monitoring data is less than that of artificial observation, while it is more than artificial observation when r≥8 km, and it can replace the number of maximum annual mean thunderstorm days of artificial observations when r=22 km. The ground flash density do not change significantly with the monitoring radius in the range of 2-40 km, the annual mean flash density is 3.9-4.1 times/(km2 ·a) and the average value is 4 times/(km2 ·a) for each monitoring radius. According to data of LLS, 3 methods are suggested to calculate the number of annual mean thunderstorm days of artificial observations. The first method is using the number of annual mean thunderstorm days of LLS monitoring data when r=7 km to represent the artificial observations directly, called direct substitution method. The second method is to calculate the number of annual mean thunderstorm days of artificial observations by the equation with one unknown quantity on the basis of the annual mean flash density data when r=8 km, called ground flash density method. The third method is using the binary equation to calculate the number of annual mean thunderstorm days of artificial observations on the basis of the number of annual mean thunderstorm days and the annual mean flash density data when r=8 km, called binary method. The examination shows that the binary method is the best, followed by the ground flash density method and the direct substitution method. The number of annual mean thunderstorm days of 25 stations calculated by binary method from 2007 to 2012 are equal to that of artificial observations, and the average difference is 7.4%. In 2013, the gap of the number of annual mean thunderstorm days between binary method and artificial observation is 0.8 d, and the average difference is 12.3%.
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  • Fig. 1  The schematic diagram of theoretical detection efficiency of LLS in Hubei Province

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    Fig. 2  The number of annual mean thunderstorm days changes with monitoring radius

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    Fig. 3  Comparison of the number of annual mean thunderstorm days of artificial observations and calculated by the binary method

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    Table  1  r of sample data

    r/km 频数/站
    3~4 2
    5~6 8
    7~8 4
    9~10 4
    11~12 3
    13~14 3
    15 1
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  2  Comparison of the number of lightning days and the number of thunderstorm days at 25 stations

    站名 Td/d Tl/Td
    r=6 km r=7 km r=8 km r=9 km r=10 km
    安陆 27.0 0.543 0.599 0.673 0.747 0.815
    房县 20.3 0.836 0.918 0.984 1.066 1.131
    黄石 39.3 0.983 1.072 1.119 1.140 1.174
    云梦 22.5 0.756 0.852 0.941 1.030 1.059
    保康 26.2 0.605 0.688 0.777 0.809 0.885
    孝感 28.2 0.651 0.769 0.822 0.876 0.923
    蔡甸 26.8 0.994 1.099 1.205 1.298 1.404
    新洲 29.0 0.920 0.994 1.098 1.167 1.207
    长阳 35.5 0.751 0.850 0.944 1.023 1.094
    广水 25.5 0.641 0.699 0.732 0.804 0.837
    建始 34.7 0.793 0.938 1.077 1.178 1.284
    蒲圻 37.8 1.300 1.366 1.419 1.471 1.511
    汉川 23.0 0.913 1.022 1.087 1.167 1.217
    江夏 31.3 1.106 1.213 1.309 1.367 1.441
    五峰 32.0 1.167 1.281 1.422 1.516 1.599
    大悟 26.0 0.590 0.647 0.705 0.724 0.788
    宜昌 39.0 1.047 1.085 1.132 1.145 1.175
    钟祥 26.0 0.679 0.750 0.795 0.846 0.885
    洪湖 27.5 1.103 1.139 1.170 1.200 1.242
    神农架 25.2 0.974 1.079 1.159 1.219 1.291
    当阳 29.0 0.661 0.747 0.810 0.908 1.011
    黄陂 29.7 0.730 0.837 0.916 1.022 1.090
    应城 26.5 0.541 0.660 0.736 0.855 0.937
    鄂州 38.3 1.030 1.104 1.204 1.265 1.330
    黄冈 32.7 1.097 1.163 1.209 1.224 1.281
    平均 29.6 0.856 0.943 1.018 1.083 1.145
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  3  Comparison of the number of annual mean lightning days and the number of average maximum annual thunderstorm days for different monitoring radius

    监测半径/km Tl/d Tdmax/d Tl与Tdmax差值/d
    r=18 44.3 47.7 -3.4
    r=20 46.3 47.7 -1.4
    r=22 47.8 47.7 0.1
    r=24 49.1 47.7 1.4
    r=26 50.2 47.7 2.5
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  4  Comparison of the number of annual mean lightning days and the number of annual mean thunderstorm days for different monitoring radius

    监测半径/km Tl/d Td/d Tl与Td平均差值/d Tl与Td平均比值 Tl与Td相关系数 Ng与Td相关系数
    r=7 28.4 29.6 -1.2 0.943 0.8379 0.6442
    r=8 30.6 29.6 1.0 0.018 0.8450 0.6633
    r=9 32.5 29.6 2.9 1.083 0.8432 0.6519
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  5  Comparison and verification of Td and Tl, Td1, Td2 from 2007 to 2012 at 25 stations

    站名 Td/d Tl/d Td1/d Td2/d Tl/Td Td1/Td Td2/Td E1/% E2/% E3/%
    安陆 27.0 16.2 27.1 24.1 0.599 1.003 0.893 40.1 0.3 10.7
    房县 20.3 18.7 26.6 24.5 0.918 1.307 1.205 8.2 30.7 20.5
    黄石 39.3 42.2 37.6 37.9 1.072 0.956 0.963 7.2 4.4 3.7
    云梦 22.5 19.2 28.2 25.7 0.852 1.254 1.141 14.8 25.4 14.1
    保康 26.2 18.0 27.6 25.1 0.688 1.054 0.958 31.2 5.4 4.2
    孝感 28.2 21.7 28.7 26.6 0.769 1.018 0.943 23.1 1.8 5.7
    蔡甸 26.8 29.5 29.2 30.0 1.099 1.089 1.117 9.9 8.9 11.7
    新洲 29.0 28.8 31.2 30.7 0.994 1.074 1.059 0.6 7.4 5.9
    长阳 35.5 30.2 32.2 31.8 0.850 0.908 0.895 15.0 9.2 10.5
    广水 25.5 17.8 28.3 24.8 0.699 1.109 0.974 30.1 10.9 2.6
    建始 34.7 32.5 23.9 29.2 0.938 0.689 0.843 6.2 31.1 15.7
    蒲圻 37.8 51.7 32.3 38.7 1.366 0.853 1.024 36.6 14.7 2.4
    汉川 23.0 23.5 28.3 27.0 1.022 1.229 1.174 2.2 22.9 17.4
    江夏 31.3 38.0 31.6 34.1 1.213 1.010 1.088 21.3 1.0 8.8
    五峰 32.0 41.0 25.0 32.6 1.281 0.783 1.018 28.1 21.7 1.8
    大悟 26.0 16.8 27.0 24.1 0.647 1.040 0.929 35.3 4.0 7.1
    宜昌 39.0 42.3 34.9 36.7 1.085 0.894 0.940 8.5 10.6 6.0
    钟祥 26.0 19.5 27.8 25.3 0.750 1.068 0.972 25.0 6.8 2.8
    洪湖 27.5 31.3 27.9 29.3 1.139 1.014 1.065 13.9 1.4 6.5
    神农架 25.2 27.2 23.9 26.4 1.079 0.948 1.049 7.9 5.2 4.9
    当阳 29.0 21.7 32.2 28.3 0.747 1.109 0.976 25.3 10.9 2.4
    黄陂 29.7 24.8 29.7 28.4 0.837 1.001 0.958 16.3 0.1 4.2
    应城 26.5 17.5 28.1 25.1 0.660 1.062 0.945 34.0 6.2 5.5
    鄂州 38.3 42.3 34.5 37.2 1.104 0.900 0.970 10.4 10.0 3.0
    黄冈 32.7 38.0 35.4 35.3 1.163 1.083 1.081 16.3 8.3 8.1
    平均 29.6 28.4 29.6 29.6 0.943 1.018 1.007 18.7 10.4 7.4
    DownLoad: Download CSV

    Table  6  Comparison and verification of Td and Tl, Td1, Td2 from 2007 to 2013 at 25 stations

    站名 Td/d Tl/d Td1/d Td2/d Tl/Td Td1/Td Td2/Td E1/% E2/% E3/%
    安陆 27 15 23.2 21.6 0.556 0.860 0.799 44.4 14.0 20.1
    房县 31 32 33.5 32.6 1.032 1.082 1.050 3.2 8.2 5.0
    黄石 29 33 28.8 31.4 1.138 0.994 1.083 13.8 0.6 8.3
    云梦 21 18 26.0 24.3 0.857 1.240 1.155 14.3 24.0 15.5
    保康 38 26 27.4 28.3 0.684 0.721 0.746 31.6 27.9 25.4
    孝感 30 18 28.3 27.4 0.600 0.945 0.913 40.0 5.5 8.7
    蔡甸 33 34 24.9 29.5 1.030 0.753 0.895 3.0 24.7 10.5
    新洲 33 27 28.3 29.1 0.818 0.858 0.882 18.2 14.2 11.8
    长阳 42 41 27.7 32.6 0.976 0.658 0.775 2.4 34.2 22.5
    广水 25 19 24.7 24.3 0.760 0.987 0.972 24.0 1.3 2.8
    建始 31 39 23.6 32.4 1.258 0.763 1.046 25.8 23.7 4.6
    蒲圻 41 58 29.8 39.1 1.415 0.726 0.953 41.5 27.4 4.7
    汉川 27 26 30.4 29.0 0.963 1.125 1.075 3.7 12.5 7.5
    江夏 26 43 29.3 34.7 1.654 1.126 1.335 65.4 12.6 33.5
    五峰 39 47 24.9 34.4 1.205 0.639 0.882 20.5 36.1 11.8
    大悟 20 16 25.2 22.5 0.800 1.258 1.124 20.0 25.8 12.4
    宜昌 45 43 34.8 36.2 0.956 0.773 0.805 4.4 22.7 19.5
    钟祥 24 28 28.5 29.5 1.167 1.187 1.230 16.7 18.7 23.0
    洪湖 31 31 26.5 30.0 1.000 0.854 0.967 0.0 14.6 3.3
    神农架 31 37 26.9 31.2 1.194 0.867 1.006 19.4 13.3 0.6
    当阳 26 29 29.6 29.0 1.115 1.138 1.115 11.5 13.8 11.5
    黄陂 29 25 31.8 29.3 0.862 1.096 1.011 13.8 9.6 1.1
    应城 30 20 25.0 23.7 0.667 0.832 0.792 33.3 16.8 20.8
    鄂州 30 37 30.5 33.2 1.233 1.016 1.107 23.3 1.6 10.7
    黄冈 31 42 31.5 34.4 1.355 1.016 1.108 35.5 1.6 10.8
    平均 30.8 31.4 28.0 30.0 1.012 0.941 0.993 21.2 16.2 12.3
    DownLoad: Download CSV
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    • Received : 2014-04-02
    • Accepted : 2014-09-09
    • Published : 2014-11-30
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