Abstract: Aerosol-cloud interaction has significant influences on radiation balance, water cycle and energy cycle of earth-air system. Sources of aerosols in Gansu Province are complex, involving both natural and anthropogenic activities. Based on typical aircraft observation data from six cases collected in Gansu Province between 2021 and 2023, vertical distribution characteristics of aerosols and their influence on cloud droplets under varying aerosol concentrations and cloud liquid water contents are analyzed. Results indicate that the aerosol number concentration and effective diameter exhibit distinct distribution patterns across three altitude ranges. Below 3200 m height, the aerosol number concentration decreases sharply from 7540 cm^-3 to 3040 cm^-3 with increasing altitude, while the effective diameter increases sharply from 0.58 μm to 1.06 μm. Above 3200 m height, the rate of decrease in the aerosol number concentration and the rate of increase in effective diameter both slows down. Beyond 4600 m height, neither parameter shows significant further variation with altitude. Aerosol concentration is found to significantly impact cloud droplet characteristics. Under water vapor constraints, aerosol concentration demonstrates a non-linear influence on cloud droplet activation and growth. An increase in aerosol number concentration is associated with a higher cloud droplet number concentration but a reduced cloud droplet effective radius. However, at excessively high aerosol number concentrations, a decrease in cloud droplet number concentration is observed, accompanied by restricted droplet size growth and suppression of large cloud droplets formation. When the aerosol number concentration increases from 123.3 cm^-3 to 1, 877 cm^-3, the cloud droplet number concentration increases from 57.8 cm^-3 to 619.4 cm^-3, while the effective radius decreases from 11.12 μm to 5.48 μm. However, when the aerosol number concentration exceeds 1877 cm^-3, the cloud droplet number concentration decreases to 80.7 cm^-3, while the effective radius increases to 8.47 μm. Under high aerosol number concentration(N_a>1877 cm^-3) condition, a greater number of smaller cloud droplets form. In contrast, under low aerosol number concentration(N_a≤1877 cm^-3) condition, the limited number of aerosols restricts cloud droplet formation, resulting in fewer but larger cloud droplets near the cloud base. Cloud liquid water content is a major factor influencing the relationship between aerosols and cloud droplets, as it influences both the number concentration and growth of the cloud droplets. At low cloud liquid water content (L_WC<0.02 g·m^-3), the cloud droplet number concentration increases slowly with increasing the aerosol number concentration, and the effective diameter remains small. Under the same aerosol number concentration condition, but with higher cloud liquid water content (L_WC≥0.1 g·m^-3), the cloud droplet number concentration and effective diameter increase and expand significantly, respectively, promoting the formation of larger cloud droplets.