“25·7”华北特大暴雨数值预报检验评估

Verification and Assessment of “25·7” Severe Rainstorm Numerical Prediction in North China

  • 摘要: 针对“25·7”华北特大暴雨过程,采用天气学、传统统计学和MODE检验方法对中国气象局全球同化预报系统(CMA-GFS)、全球集合预报系统(CMA-EPS)、中国气象局人工智能全球中短期预报系统(风清)、欧洲中期数值预报中心集合预报系统(EC-EPS)、业务预报系统(EC-HR)和人工智能天气预报系统(AIFS)等进行预报检验评估。结果表明:EC-EPS可提前6~13 d预报过程降水量超过100 mm的南北两支雨带;CMA-EPS可提前4~11 d预报,但预报欠稳定;对于降水量预报,EC-EPS预报的发散度大于CMA-EPS,EC-EPS提前10 d时,个别成员预报强降水接近实况,但随时效临近降水量明显偏弱。CMA-GFS、EC-HR和AIFS预报过程降水量超过100 mm的落区面积均偏小,风清空报明显;EC-HR预报的形心位置稳定,但经纬向偏差大于其他3个模式。CMA-GFS预报的西北太平洋副热带高压边缘和本体的降水日数最接近实况,风清和AIFS空报明显,EC-HR预报的西北太平洋副热带高压边缘日数偏多。CMA-GFS、EC-HR、风清和AIFS在中期时效预报的强降水日落区位置较实况偏北,随时效临近向南调整至接近实况,降水量预报均较实况明显偏弱,尤其对复杂地形区中尺度特征明显的暴雨预报偏弱更为显著,EC-HR预报的降水增强阶段和夜雨特征优于其他3个模式。模式对西北太平洋副热带高压西伸北抬的预报能力优于东退南落,对东退时西北太平洋副热带高压位置预报能力的减弱是降水预报偏差的部分原因。

     

    Abstract: During the severe rainstorm event in North China from 23 July to 29 July in 2025, forecast performance of CMA-EPS, EC-EPS, CMA-GFS, EC-HR, Fengqing and AIFS are evaluated using synoptic verification, threat score (TS), and MODE (method for object-based diagnostic evaluation). Results indicate that EC-EPS successfully forecasts the distribution of two rain belts with cumulative precipitation exceeding 100 mm with a lead time of 6-13 d. CMA-EPS is also able to provide probability of precipitation exceeding 100 mm 4-11 d in advance, but its forecast stability decreases as the lead time shortens. Based on MODE spatial verification, the forecasted areas of cumulative precipitation exceeding 100 mm for CMA-GFS, EC-HR, and AIFS are all smaller than observation, while Fengqing forecast area is larger. Although the centroid position of EC-HR forecasts remains relatively stable, its deviation magnitude exceeds that of the other three models. CMA-GFS model exhibit the closest agreement with the observed precipitation days in both the edge and core regions of the western Pacific subtropical high, while EC-HR model overestimates the number of precipitation days in the edge zone. Fengqing and AIFS models exhibit significant false alarms in predicting convective precipitation days for both the edge and core regions. At medium-range lead times, all four models forecast a northward displacement in the spatial distribution of heavy precipitation days compared to observations, and the forecasts shift southward approaching reality as the forecast time decreases. Additionally, forecasts from Fengqing and AIFS demonstrate advantages in forecast stability. Forecasts of CMA-GFS, EC-HR, Fengqing and AIFS models all substantially underestimate the intensity of heavy precipitation centers compared to observations, and this bias persists even as the forecast lead time decreases. Furthermore, EC-EPS ensemble members exhibit greater dispersion than CMA-EPS, with some members in long-range forecasts predicting precipitation intensities closer to observations. As the forecast lead time decreases, however, the ensemble dispersion decreases, and the predicted precipitation center intensities became even weaker than the actual conditions. Regarding the temporal evolution of heavy precipitation in the regions from Baoding of Hebei to southwestern Beijing and from northeastern Beijing to Xinglong of Hebei, EC-HR model outperforms the other three models in forecasting the intensification phase and nocturnal rainfall characteristics. Notably, Fengqing and AIFS models show a significant decline in their ability to predict precipitation intensity and nocturnal rainfall features as the forecast lead time increases. The forecasting capability for the westward extension and northward shift of the subtropical high is superior to that for its eastward retreat and southward movement. The weakened positional forecasting skill during the eastward retreat of the subtropical high may partially explain the precipitation forecast biases.

     

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