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Optimization and Simulation of Leader Propagation Rate Ratio in Multiple Upward Leader Model
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摘要: 下行先导与上行先导的相对速率比可能是闪电连接过程的关键因子之一, 随机闪电连接模式中先导相对传播速率比不能准确描述下行与上行先导的相对传播距离比值。考虑到光学观测事实及雷暴电场环境, 在已有多上行先导三维随机参数化方案的基础上对下行负地闪开展模拟, 改进背景电场模块设置, 并植入下行负先导与上行正先导相对传播速率模块, 以先导传播距离为依据设置先导相对传播速率。将改进后的模型应用于平顶单建筑物触发多上行先导现象的模拟, 与改进前相比, 该模型的闪击距、上行先导长度等参数与自然闪电一致性更好;在此基础上对发生在广州珠江新城高建筑物群上的地闪连接过程进行模拟, 改进后的模型能够较好还原复杂建筑物群的闪电发生规律。城市建筑物群的雷击特征参量主要由各个建筑物的形状特征、相对位置以及相对高度等因素所决定, 但仍有特殊事件发生, 当下行先导的某一分支与建筑物空间距离临近时, 会在建筑物顶部起始上行先导并连接。Abstract: During the process of cloud-to-ground lightning connection, the propagation of downward leader to the near-ground area can elevate the electric field at one or several points on the surface of ground tip object to the breakdown threshold of surrounding air, initiating one or more upward leaders, which are known as multiple upward leaders. The emergence of tall buildings has led to an increase in the number of observations of upward lightning strikes on different buildings or the same building. The presence of multiple upward leaders means that multiple parts of the building may be struck. Conducting simulation experiments to study the mechanism of the multiple upward leader phenomenon is of great significance for developing lightning protection. The relative velocity ratio of the downward and upward leaders may be one of the key factors in the lightning connection process. The relative speed ratio of leader propagation in random lightning connection mode cannot accurately describe the relative distance ratio of downward and upward leader propagation. Taking into account the optical observation facts and the electric field environment during thunderstorms, the background electric field module setting is improved on the basis of the existing three-dimensional random mode for multiple upward leaders. It also incorporates a relative propagation speed module for the downward negative and upward positive leaders, establishing the relative propagation speed of leaders according to their propagation distance. Applying the new model to simulate multiple upward leader phenomena triggered by a flat-roofed single building, compared with the previous version, parameters of the new model, such as flash distance and upward leader length, show better consistency with natural lightning. On this basis, the lightning connection process on the high-rise buildings in the Pearl River New Town is simulated, and the improved model can more accurately replicate the lightning occurrence patterns of complex buildings. Characteristic parameters of lightning strikes on urban building clusters are mainly determined by factors such as the shape characteristics, relative position, and relative height of each building. The distance at which lightning strikes buildings is positively correlated with their height. The probability of lightning strikes, the distance of lightning strikes, and other parameters of buildings with similar shapes in the same building group are relatively consistent during ground lightning activities. However, there are still special events that occur when a branch of the downward leader is in close spatial proximity to the building, causing the upward leader to initiate at the top of the building and connect to it.
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图 1 先导相对发展示意图
(黑色几何体为建筑物，蓝线为下行负先导已发展通道，黑线为上行正先导已发展通道，红线为该段时间步长内新发展的下行与上行先导通道点)
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of relative development of leaders
(the black geometric body denotes the building, the blue line denotes the development for downward negative leader, the black line denotes the development of a positive leading channel for the upward positive leader, the red line denotes the new development of downward and upward leader points within this time step)
图 2 模式改进前后模拟地闪个例对比
(黑色几何体为建筑物，蓝线为下行负先导，红线为上行正先导，下同) (a)模式改进前，(b)改进背景电场模块后，(c)改进背景电场与先导相对传播模块后
Fig. 2 Comparison of simulated cloud-to-ground lightning cases before and after model modification
(the black geometric body denotes the building, the blue line denotes the downward negative leader, the red line denotes the upward positive leader, similarly hereinafter) (a)before model improved, (b)after the background electric field module in the model improved, (c)after the background electric field and leader relative propagation module of the model improved
表 1 模式改进前后不同建筑物高度下闪击距及上行先导最大长度的统计结果
Table 1 Statistical results of striking distance and upward leader length at different building heights before and after model improved
建筑物高度/m 闪击距/m 上行先导最大长度/m 改进前 改进后 改进前 改进后 100 25~166.6 89.2~229.9 5~76 79~187 200 25~261.2 263.9~456.7 12~159 165~282 300 30~306.8 332.8~520.8 17~267 213~418 400 30~317.1 404.4~613.8 22~345 376~489 500 30~330.2 412.4~737.0 21~378 405~549 
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表 2 广州珠江新城高建筑物群的观测与模拟对比
Table 2 Comparison of observations and simulation results of high-rise buildings in the Pearl River New Town, Guangzhou
建筑物 高度/m 观测 模拟 平均2D闪击距/m 仅1个上行连接先导的概率/% 平均3D闪击距/m 仅1个上行连接先导的概率/% 广州塔 600 920 82 679.8 73 东塔 530 280 36 344.3 14 西塔 440 590 89 205.0 58 广晟国际大厦 360 530 91 367.9 84 珠江城 318 244.8 20 利通大厦 310 241.0 0 越秀金融大厦 310 175.5 0 富力盈凯大厦 303
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