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The Application of LAPS to Hail Cloud Simulation
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摘要: LAPS是中国气象局武汉暴雨研究所引进的中尺度分析系统，能融合区域内多种非常规观测资料，提供高分辨率中尺度分析场。该文对探空资料和LAPS分析场两种初始场的大气层结和环境风场信息进行了比较，并应用探空资料和不同时次的降雹点的LAPS分析场作为三维对流云模式的初始场对2008年7月27日、28日湖北西部山区冰雹天气过程进行数值模拟，并将模拟结果与观测实况进行了对比分析，最后对27日降雹过程应用临近降雹时次的LAPS分析场作为云模式初始场模拟的回波、风场和垂直速度等特征进行了分析，以探讨LAPS用于云数值模式的适用性、优越性以及冰雹云发生发展特点。结果表明: LAPS输出场用于云模式初始场进行冰雹云数值模拟具有时空上的优势，能更好地模拟出午后局地降雹，可以弥补探空资料作为云模式初始场的不足，应用临近时次的LAPS分析场作为云模式初始场的数值模拟能体现出冰雹云发展过程中多次增强等细节，有利于人工防雹作业预警和催化方案的确定。Abstract: Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) introduced and localized by Wuhan Institute of Heavy Rain integrates a variety of observations in central China and provides rich information on high-resolution meso-scale analysis field. Several hail weather processes occurred in mountainous region of western Hubei on 27 and 28 July in 2008 are analyzed based on LAPS data. And the hailstorm cloud is simulated with the three-dimensional convective cloud model which is initiated with the output of LAPS and the sounding.The difference between dew point and air temperature of sounding data and LAPS data at 0800 BT 27 July 2008 shows the humidity is higher above the hail location. According to LAPS data from 0800 BT to 1600 BT at the hail location, the temperature profiles show that there is cold air inflow in the upper air, and the differences between dew point and air temperature demonstrate that the humidity increases near the ground and then decreases with the altitude, while increases again in the upper air. LAPS data show the stratification status and wind field over the hail point is more and more favorable for hail formation, reflecting more realistic information than the sounding data at 0800 BT.The simulation results initiated with LAPS data and sounding data at 0800 BT 27 July 2008 are very close, but on 28 July the simulated echo intensity, vertical airflow speed, max wind speed and the amount of hail by LAPS data of the hail location are greater than that by sounding data. The simulation results initiated with LAPS data at 1600 BT 27 July and 1600 BT 28 July in 2008 near the hail time are larger than that at 0800 BT and the simulated amount of accumulated hail by LAPS data at 1600 BT is closer to the observation. It can be concluded that the simulation initiated with LAPS data near the hail time can better reflect the occurrence and development of the hail cloud which occurs in the afternoon. The simulated results of cloud maintenance time, hail intensity and distribution, hail size are consistent with the observation, which can provide a reference for local hail forecast. Results show that the output of LAPS can provide higher temporal and spatial resolution data for the three-dimensional convective cloud model than the sounding observations.The three-dimensional convective cloud model initiated with LAPS data near the hail occurrence time performs well in reproducing characteristics of the occurrence and development of hail cloud. Moreover, it can capture certain details such as several increment processes which are in agreement with the radar observations. Therefore, the model may contribute to warning condition for hail suppression operation and seeding scheme.
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Key words:
- LAPS;
- cloud model;
- hail;
- initial field
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图 1 2008年7月27日16：33恩施站雷达组合反射率因子
Fig. 1 Combination of radar reflectivity at 1633 BT 27 July 2008 at Enshi Radar Station
图 2 2008年7月27日恩施雷达反射率因子垂直剖面
Fig. 2 Vertical section of Enshi radar reflectivity on 27 July 2008
图 3 LAPS输出的2008年7月27日、28日降雹前后的地面温度
Fig. 3 Surface temperature before and after the occurrence of hail on 27 July and 28 July in 2008 by LAPS data
图 4 LAPS输出的2008年7月27日16：00(a) 与17：00(b)700 hPa相对湿度产品
白色圆圈指示降雹区域
Fig. 4 The relative humidity products by LAPS data at 700 hPa at 1600 BT and 1700 BT on 27 July 2008
(white circles indicate hail area)
图 5 2008年7月27日08:00探空资料 (a) 和16:00 LAPS资料 (b) 的温度、露点温度和风廓线
Fig. 5 The temperature, dew point temperature and wind profile of sounding at 0800 BT (a) and LAPS data at 1600 BT (b) on 27 July 2008
图 6 模拟不同时刻的回波反射率因子垂直剖面
Fig. 6 The vertical section of simulated echo reflectivity at different times
表 1 2008年7月27日不同高度层探空和LAPS资料的温度与温度露点差
Table 1 Temperature and the difference between dew point and temperature at different heights with soundings and LAPS data on 27 July 2008
高度/hPa 08:00探空资料 08:00 LAPS资料 16:00 LAPS资料 温度/℃ 温度露点差/℃ 温度/℃ 温度露点差/℃ 温度/℃ 温度露点差/℃ 950 24 0 24.8 4.8 27.6 3.6 850 21 2 19.8 3.2 20.3 2.4 700 10 1 9.7 0.3 10.5 2.0 500 -5 5 -4.7 2.1 -4.1 5.1 400 -17 2 -14.8 2.4 -14.1 5.7 300 -29 5 -29.0 0.0 -28.3 2.4 250 -37 11 -38.0 0.1 -37.0 0.0 200 -48 11 -47.5 16.6 -48.7 0.0 150 -60 11 -60.1 14.3 -61.2 10.9 100 -73 11 -70.8 18.6 -70.1 16.5 
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表 2 应用2008年7月探空和LAPS资料为初始场的数值模拟结果与观测对比
Table 2 The comparison of simulation results initiated by sounding data and LAPS data to observations in July 2008
要素 27日 28日 探空
08:00LAPS 观测 探空
08:00LAPS 观测 08:00 16:00 08:00 16:00 冰雹生命史/min 42 42 42 48 无 42 46 21 雷达回波顶高/km 17 16 17 14 4 16 16 16 最大雷达反射率因子/dBZ >70 70 >70 70 30 >70 >70 70 最大上升气流/(m·s-1) 29 33 65 12 44 75 最大下沉气流/(m·s-1) 11 15 22 4 5 30 最大风速/(m·s-1) 22 21 47 3.9 40 62 地面降雹 有 有 有 有 无 有 有 有 最大累积地面降雹量/mm 5.5 5 22 >20 0 5 50 >20
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